{"id":366,"date":"2019-11-04T12:02:59","date_gmt":"2019-11-04T12:02:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=366"},"modified":"2020-06-03T08:34:01","modified_gmt":"2020-06-03T08:34:01","slug":"crown-of-thorns-starfish","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/crown-of-thorns-starfish\/","title":{"rendered":"Crown-of-thorns starfish"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Online_model_organism_database\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Online_model_organism_database\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Online model organism database<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Online_model_organism_database-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Taxonomy\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Taxonomy<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Taxonomy-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Family\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Family\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Family<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Family-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Genus_and_species\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Genus_and_species\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Genus and species<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Genus_and_species-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Genetic_studies\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Genetic_studies\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Genetic studies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Genetic_studies-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Biology\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Biology<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Biology-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Biology subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Toxins\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Toxins\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Toxins<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Toxins-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Behavior\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Behavior\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Behavior-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Predators\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Predators\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Predators<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Predators-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Lifecycle\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Lifecycle\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Lifecycle<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Lifecycle-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Lifecycle subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Lifecycle-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Gametes_and_embryos\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Gametes_and_embryos\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Gametes and embryos<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Gametes_and_embryos-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Larval_stages\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Larval_stages\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Larval stages<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Larval_stages-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Metamorphosis,_development,_and_growth\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Metamorphosis,_development,_and_growth\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Metamorphosis, development, and growth<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Metamorphosis,_development,_and_growth-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Field_observations_of_lifecycle\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Field_observations_of_lifecycle\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Field observations of lifecycle<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Field_observations_of_lifecycle-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Ecology\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Ecology<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Ecology-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Ecology subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecological_impact_on_reefs\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Ecological_impact_on_reefs\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Ecological impact on reefs<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecological_impact_on_reefs-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Population_outbreaks\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Population_outbreaks\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Population outbreaks<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Population_outbreaks-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Causes_of_population_outbreaks\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Causes_of_population_outbreaks\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Causes of population outbreaks<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Causes_of_population_outbreaks-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Population_control\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Population_control\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Population control<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Population_control-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Further_reading\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Further_reading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">9<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Further reading<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Further_reading-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">10<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">39 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doringkroonseester\" title=\"Doringkroonseester \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Doringkroonseester\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%84%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83\" title=\"\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643 \u2013 Arabic\" lang=\"ar\" hreflang=\"ar\" data-title=\"\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\" data-language-local-name=\"Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%84%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83\" title=\"\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643 \u2013 Egyptian Arabic\" lang=\"arz\" hreflang=\"arz\" data-title=\"\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649\" data-language-local-name=\"Egyptian Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Azerbaijani\" lang=\"az\" hreflang=\"az\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Az\u0259rbaycanca\" data-language-local-name=\"Azerbaijani\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE)\" title=\"\u0422\u0440\u044a\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446 (\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e) \u2013 Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" data-title=\"\u0422\u0440\u044a\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446 (\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e)\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\" data-language-local-name=\"Bulgarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salanay\" title=\"Salanay \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Salanay\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hv%C4%9Bzdice_trnov%C3%A1_koruna\" title=\"Hv\u011bzdice trnov\u00e1 koruna \u2013 Czech\" lang=\"cs\" hreflang=\"cs\" data-title=\"Hv\u011bzdice trnov\u00e1 koruna\" data-language-autonym=\"\u010ce\u0161tina\" data-language-local-name=\"Czech\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u010ce\u0161tina<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dornenkronenseestern\" title=\"Dornenkronenseestern \u2013 German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" data-title=\"Dornenkronenseestern\" data-language-autonym=\"Deutsch\" data-language-local-name=\"German\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Deutsch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C\" title=\"\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u062c\u200c\u062a\u06cc\u063a\u06cc \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u062c\u200c\u062a\u06cc\u063a\u06cc\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piikkikruunu_(el%C3%A4in)\" title=\"Piikkikruunu (el\u00e4in) \u2013 Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" data-title=\"Piikkikruunu (el\u00e4in)\" data-language-autonym=\"Suomi\" data-language-local-name=\"Finnish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Suomi<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item\" title=\"featured article\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA\" title=\"\u05db\u05d9\u05e4\u05ea-\u05e7\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05d8\u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05db\u05d9\u05e4\u05ea-\u05e7\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05d8\u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%B6viskoron%C3%A1s_tengericsillag\" title=\"T\u00f6viskoron\u00e1s tengericsillag \u2013 Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" data-title=\"T\u00f6viskoron\u00e1s tengericsillag\" data-language-autonym=\"Magyar\" data-language-local-name=\"Hungarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Magyar<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bintang_laut_mahkota_duri\" title=\"Bintang laut mahkota duri \u2013 Indonesian\" lang=\"id\" hreflang=\"id\" data-title=\"Bintang laut mahkota duri\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Indonesia\" data-language-local-name=\"Indonesian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Bahasa Indonesia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%87\" title=\"\u30aa\u30cb\u30d2\u30c8\u30c7 \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30aa\u30cb\u30d2\u30c8\u30c7\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%95%85%EB%A7%88%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC\" title=\"\uc545\ub9c8\ubd88\uac00\uc0ac\ub9ac \u2013 Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" data-title=\"\uc545\ub9c8\ubd88\uac00\uc0ac\ub9ac\" data-language-autonym=\"\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4\" data-language-local-name=\"Korean\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Latin\" lang=\"la\" hreflang=\"la\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Latina\" data-language-local-name=\"Latin\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Latina<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dygliuotoji_j%C5%ABr%C5%B3_%C5%BEvaig%C5%BEd%C4%97\" title=\"Dygliuotoji j\u016br\u0173 \u017evaig\u017ed\u0117 \u2013 Lithuanian\" lang=\"lt\" hreflang=\"lt\" data-title=\"Dygliuotoji j\u016br\u0173 \u017evaig\u017ed\u0117\" data-language-autonym=\"Lietuvi\u0173\" data-language-local-name=\"Lithuanian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Lietuvi\u0173<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D\" title=\"\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d57\u0d7a \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d7a\u0d38\u0d4d \u2013 Malayalam\" lang=\"ml\" hreflang=\"ml\" data-title=\"\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d57\u0d7a \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d4b\u0d7a\u0d38\u0d4d\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02\" data-language-local-name=\"Malayalam\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mrj.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%98%D0%BC%D3%93%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6_%D1%88%D3%B9%D0%B4%D3%B9%D1%80)\" title=\"\u0418\u043c\u04d3\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 (\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0433\u044b\u0436 \u0448\u04f9\u0434\u04f9\u0440) \u2013 Western Mari\" lang=\"mrj\" hreflang=\"mrj\" data-title=\"\u0418\u043c\u04d3\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 (\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0433\u044b\u0436 \u0448\u04f9\u0434\u04f9\u0440)\" data-language-autonym=\"\u041a\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0440\u044b\" data-language-local-name=\"Western Mari\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u041a\u044b\u0440\u044b\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0440\u044b<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapak_sulaiman_mahkota_berduri\" title=\"Tapak sulaiman mahkota berduri \u2013 Malay\" lang=\"ms\" hreflang=\"ms\" data-title=\"Tapak sulaiman mahkota berduri\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Melayu\" data-language-local-name=\"Malay\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Bahasa Melayu<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doornenkroon_(dier)\" title=\"Doornenkroon (dier) \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Doornenkroon (dier)\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korona_cierniowa_(zwierz%C4%99)\" title=\"Korona cierniowa (zwierz\u0119) \u2013 Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Korona cierniowa (zwierz\u0119)\" data-language-autonym=\"Polski\" data-language-local-name=\"Polish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Polski<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Portugu\u00eas\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0)\" title=\"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446 (\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430) \u2013 Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" data-title=\"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446 (\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430)\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\" data-language-local-name=\"Russian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish\" title=\"Crown-of-thorns starfish \u2013 Simple English\" lang=\"en-simple\" hreflang=\"en-simple\" data-title=\"Crown-of-thorns starfish\" data-language-autonym=\"Simple English\" data-language-local-name=\"Simple English\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Simple English<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bodi%C4%8Dasta_morska_zvezda\" title=\"Bodi\u010dasta morska zvezda \u2013 Slovenian\" lang=\"sl\" hreflang=\"sl\" data-title=\"Bodi\u010dasta morska zvezda\" data-language-autonym=\"Sloven\u0161\u010dina\" data-language-local-name=\"Slovenian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Sloven\u0161\u010dina<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Serbian\" lang=\"sr\" hreflang=\"sr\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 \/ srpski\" data-language-local-name=\"Serbian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 \/ srpski<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%B6rnekrona_(sj%C3%B6stj%C3%A4rna)\" title=\"T\u00f6rnekrona (sj\u00f6stj\u00e4rna) \u2013 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" data-title=\"T\u00f6rnekrona (sj\u00f6stj\u00e4rna)\" data-language-autonym=\"Svenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Swedish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Svenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1\" title=\"\u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e21\u0e07\u0e01\u0e38\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e32\u0e21 \u2013 Thai\" lang=\"th\" hreflang=\"th\" data-title=\"\u0e14\u0e32\u0e27\u0e21\u0e07\u0e01\u0e38\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e32\u0e21\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\" data-language-local-name=\"Thai\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dap-ag\" title=\"Dap-ag \u2013 Tagalog\" lang=\"tl\" hreflang=\"tl\" data-title=\"Dap-ag\" data-language-autonym=\"Tagalog\" data-language-local-name=\"Tagalog\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Tagalog<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Turkish\" lang=\"tr\" hreflang=\"tr\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\" data-language-local-name=\"Turkish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Ukrainian\" lang=\"uk\" hreflang=\"uk\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\" data-language-local-name=\"Ukrainian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sao_bi%E1%BB%83n_gai\" title=\"Sao bi\u1ec3n gai \u2013 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"Sao bi\u1ec3n gai\" data-language-autonym=\"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" title=\"Acanthaster planci \u2013 Waray\" lang=\"war\" hreflang=\"war\" data-title=\"Acanthaster planci\" data-language-autonym=\"Winaray\" data-language-local-name=\"Waray\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Winaray<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A3%98%E5%86%A0%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%9F\" title=\"\u68d8\u51a0\u6d77\u661f \u2013 Cantonese\" lang=\"yue\" hreflang=\"yue\" data-title=\"\u68d8\u51a0\u6d77\u661f\" data-language-autonym=\"\u7cb5\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Cantonese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u7cb5\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A3%98%E5%86%A0%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%9F\" title=\"\u68d8\u51a0\u6d77\u661f \u2013 Chinese\" lang=\"zh\" hreflang=\"zh\" data-title=\"\u68d8\u51a0\u6d77\u661f\" data-language-autonym=\"\u4e2d\u6587\" data-language-local-name=\"Chinese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u4e2d\u6587<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\">Edit links<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-left-navigation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Namespaces\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-associated-pages\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish\" title=\"View the content page [c]\" accesskey=\"c\" target=\"_new\" 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tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance\" class=\"vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"appearance-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-appearance\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Appearance<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of starfish<\/div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<p>The <b>crown-of-thorns starfish<\/b> (frequently abbreviated to COTS),<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <i><b>Acanthaster planci<\/b><\/i>, is a large <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starfish\" title=\"Starfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">starfish<\/a> that preys upon hard, or stony, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral\" title=\"Coral\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral<\/a> polyps (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scleractinia\" title=\"Scleractinia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Scleractinia<\/a>). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous, thornlike spines that cover its upper surface, resembling the biblical <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown_of_thorns\" title=\"Crown of thorns\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crown of thorns<\/a>. It is one of the largest starfish in the world.\n<\/p><p><i>A. planci<\/i> has a very wide <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pacific\" title=\"Indo-Pacific\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indo-Pacific<\/a> distribution, perhaps most common around Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red Sea<\/a> and the East African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in the region.\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Crown_of_Thorns-jonhanson.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/ff\/Crown_of_Thorns-jonhanson.jpg\/250px-Crown_of_Thorns-jonhanson.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"185\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Unusual, brightly coloured crown-of-thorns starfish, Thailand<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Red_crown-of-thorns_starfish.PNG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0d\/Red_crown-of-thorns_starfish.PNG\/250px-Red_crown-of-thorns_starfish.PNG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"171\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>A red crown-of-thorns starfish on a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral reef<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Marine_Sanctuary_of_American_Samoa\" title=\"National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa<\/a> off <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Samoa\" title=\"American Samoa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">American Samoa<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starfish\" title=\"Starfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">starfish<\/a>, with a central disc and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prehensile\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Prehensile\" target=\"_new\">prehensile<\/a>, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398&#95;2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a> that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentamerism\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pentamerism\" target=\"_new\">pentamerism<\/a>) typical of starfish, although it begins its lifecycle with this <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symmetry_in_biology\" title=\"Symmetry in biology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">symmetry<\/a>. The animal has true image-forming vision.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Petie&#95;3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Petie-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from 25 to 35&#160;cm (10 to 14&#160;in).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Carpenter&#95;4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Carpenter-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> They have up to 21 arms.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Petie&#95;3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Petie-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates, which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Depending on diet or geographic region, individuals can be purple, purple-blue, reddish grey or brown with red spine tips, or green with yellow spine tips.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The long, sharp spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines can range from 4 to 5&#160;cm long and are stiff, very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape when reimmersed, if they are still alive.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lucas76&#95;9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lucas76-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Online_model_organism_database\">Online model organism database<\/h2><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echinobase\" title=\"Echinobase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Echinobase<\/a> is the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Model_organism\" title=\"Model organism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">model organism<\/a> database for <i>A. planci <\/i>and a number of other <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echinoderm\" title=\"Echinoderm\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">echinoderms<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Taxonomy\">Taxonomy<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Family\">Family<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The family <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthasteridae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Acanthasteridae\" target=\"_new\">Acanthasteridae<\/a> is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monogeneric\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Monogeneric\" target=\"_new\">monogeneric<\/a>; its position within the Asteroides is unsettled. It is generally recognized as a distinctly isolated <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxon\" title=\"Taxon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">taxon<\/a>. Recently, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleontology\" title=\"Paleontology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">paleontologist<\/a> Daniel Blake concluded from comparative morphology studies of <i>A. planci<\/i> that it has strong similarities with various members of the Oreasteridae. He transferred the Acanthasteridae from the Spinulosida to the Valvatida and assigned it a position near to the Oreasteridae, from which it appears to be derived.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> He attributed <i>Acanthaster<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morphology_(biology)\" title=\"Morphology (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">morphology<\/a> as possibly evolving in association with its locomotion over irregular coral surfaces in high-energy environments. A complication exists, however, in that <i>Acanthaster<\/i> is not a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monotypic_taxon\" title=\"Monotypic taxon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">monospecific<\/a> genus and any consideration of the genus must also take into account another species, <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_brevispinus\" title=\"Acanthaster brevispinus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Acanthaster brevispinus<\/a><\/i>, which lives in a completely different environment. <i>A. brevispinus<\/i> lives on soft substrates, perhaps buried in the substrate at times like other soft substrate-inhabiting starfish, at moderate depths, where presumably the surface is regular and  little wave action occurs.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Genus_and_species\">Genus and species<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Acanthaster_ellisii.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Acanthaster_ellisii.JPG\/250px-Acanthaster_ellisii.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"238\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Short-spined form from Gulf of California &#8211; live specimen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i>A. planci<\/i> has a long history in the scientific literature with great confusion in the generic and specific names from the outset, with a long list of complex <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synonym_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Synonym (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">synonyms<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199013\u201319&#95;11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199013\u201319-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species_description\" title=\"Species description\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">first described<\/a> it in 1705, naming it <i>Stella marina quindecium radiotorum<\/i>. Later, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" title=\"Carl Linnaeus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Carl Linnaeus<\/a> described it as <i>Asterias planci<\/i> based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binomial_nomenclature\" title=\"Binomial nomenclature\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">binomial nomenclature<\/a>. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) no longer exists.\n<\/p><p>Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included <i>Stellonia<\/i>, <i>Echinaster<\/i>, and <i>Echinites<\/i>, before settling on <i>Acanthaster<\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Gervais\" title=\"Paul Gervais\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gervais<\/a> 1841). Specific names included <i>echintes<\/i>, <i>solaris<\/i>, <i>mauritensis<\/i>, <i>ellisii<\/i>, and <i>ellisii pseudoplanci<\/i> (with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subspecies\" title=\"Subspecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">subspecies<\/a>). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but <i>Acanthaster ellisii<\/i> came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_California\" title=\"Gulf of California\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gulf of California<\/a>.\n<\/p><p>The eastern Pacific <i>Acanthaster<\/i> is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather \"plump\" body, large disc-to-total diameter ratio, and short, blunt spines. \n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Genetic_studies\">Genetic studies<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Nishida and Lucas examined <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_variation\" title=\"Genetic variation\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">genetic variation<\/a> at 14 allozyme loci of 10 population samples of <i>A. planci<\/i> using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu Archipelago (four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and the Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of <i>A. brevispinus<\/i> from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. Considerable genetic differentiation was seen between the <i>A. brevispinus<\/i> and <i>A. planci<\/i> populations (D= 0.20 +\/\u2212 0.02)(D is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_distance\" title=\"Genetic distance\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">genetic distance<\/a>). The genetic differences between geographic populations of <i>A. planci<\/i> were, however, small (D = 0.03 +\/\u2212 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polymorphism_(biology)\" title=\"Polymorphism (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">polymorphic<\/a> locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation was observed between degree of genetic differentiation and geographic distance, suggesting the genetic homogeneity among <i>A. planci<\/i> populations is due to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gene_flow\" title=\"Gene flow\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gene flow<\/a> by planktonic larval dispersion. The distance effect on genetic differentiation most probably reflects decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances. In view of the level of macrogeographic homogeneity, significant <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allele_frequency\" title=\"Allele frequency\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">allele frequency<\/a> differences were observed between adjacent populations separated by about 10&#160;km. The Hawaiian population was most differentiated from other populations. Treating the morphologically distinctive, eastern Pacific <i>Acanthaster<\/i> as a separate species, <i>A. ellisii<\/i>, is not supported by these data. The lack of unique alleles in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific.\n<\/p><p>Further details of the genetic relationship between <i>A. planci<\/i> and <i>A. brevispinus<\/i> are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibling_species\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sibling species\" target=\"_new\">sibling species<\/a>, and  <i>A. planci<\/i>, the specialized, coral-feeding species, is suggested to have arisen from <i>A. brevispinus<\/i>, the less-specialized, soft-bottom inhabitant.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of <i> A. planci<\/i>, throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level.\n<\/p><p>A more recent comprehensive geographic study of <i>A. planci<\/i> by Vogler <i>et al.<\/i>, using  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_analysis\" title=\"Genetic analysis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">DNA analyses<\/a> (one <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrial_gene\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Mitochondrial gene\" target=\"_new\">mitochondrial gene<\/a>), suggests it is actually a species complex consisting of four species or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clades\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Clades\" target=\"_new\">clades<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The four <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptic_species\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Cryptic species\" target=\"_new\">cryptic species<\/a>\/clades are defined geographically: Northern Indian Ocean, southern Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Pacific Ocean. These molecular data suggest the species\/clades diverged 1.95 and 3.65 million years ago. (The divergence of  <i>A. planci<\/i> and <i>A. brevispinus<\/i> is not included in this time scale.) The authors suggest the differences between the four putative species in behavior, diet, or habitat may be important for the design of appropriate reef-conservation strategies.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Problems exist, though, with this proposal of cryptic speciation (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryptic_species\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Cryptic species\" target=\"_new\">cryptic species<\/a>). The basis of these data from one mitochondrial gene (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MtDNA\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"MtDNA\" target=\"_new\">mtDNA<\/a>) data is, however, only one source of information about the status of taxa and the use of one mtDNA gene as a sole criterion for species identification is disputed.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The allozyme data should also be taken into account. Three localities that were sampled by Vogler <i>et al.<\/i> are of particular interest; Palau Sebibu, UEA, and Oman were found to have two clades\/sibling species in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sympatry\" title=\"Sympatry\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sympatry<\/a>. These are important to investigate the nature of the co-existence and barriers to introgression of genetic material. <i>A. planci<\/i> as a taxon is a generalist, being amongst the most ubiquitous of large coral predators on coral reefs, feeding on virtually all hard coral species, reproducing during summer without a pattern of spawning, and often participating in mass multiple-species spawnings,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and releasing vast amounts of gametes that trigger spawning in other individuals. Conceiving of two species\/clades of <i>A. planci<\/i> in sympatry without habitat competition and introgression of genetic material, especially the latter, is very difficult.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Biology\">Biology<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Toxins\">Toxins<\/h3><\/div>\n<ul style=\"text-align:center;\" class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 184px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 182px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:COTS_aboral_surface.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Broken and regenerating spines\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Broken and regenerating spines\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/COTS_aboral_surface.jpg\/330px-COTS_aboral_surface.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Broken and regenerating spines<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 164px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 162px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Crown-of-thorns_spining.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Swollen right hand after having been punctured\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Swollen right hand after having been punctured\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8f\/Crown-of-thorns_spining.JPG\/250px-Crown-of-thorns_spining.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"162\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Swollen right hand after having been punctured<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 154.66666666667px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 152.66666666667px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Acanthaster_planci_saponins.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Frothing in water containing A. planci\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Frothing in water containing A. planci\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9b\/Acanthaster_planci_saponins.JPG\/250px-Acanthaster_planci_saponins.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"153\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Frothing in water containing <i>A. planci<\/i><\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 140px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 138px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:COTS_held_out_of_water.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Starfish handled to avoid damaging it (spines on the underside are blunt)\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Starfish handled to avoid damaging it (spines on the underside are blunt)\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/76\/COTS_held_out_of_water.jpg\/250px-COTS_held_out_of_water.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"138\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Starfish handled to avoid damaging it (spines on the underside are blunt)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Starfish are characterized by having <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saponin\" title=\"Saponin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">saponins<\/a> known as asterosaponins in their tissues. They contain a mix of these saponins, and at least 15 chemical studies have been conducted seeking to characterize them.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398&#95;2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> They have detergent-like properties, and keeping starfish in limited water volumes with aeration results in large amounts of foam at the surface.\n<\/p><p><i>A. planci<\/i> has no mechanism for injecting the toxin, but as the spines perforate tissue of a predator or unwary person, tissue containing the saponins is lost into the wound. In humans, this immediately causes a sharp, stinging pain that can last for several hours, persistent bleeding due to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haemolytic\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Haemolytic\" target=\"_new\">haemolytic<\/a> effect of saponins, and nausea and tissue swelling that may persist for a week or more.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990131\u2013132&#95;19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990131\u2013132-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The spines, which are brittle, may also break off and become embedded in the tissue, from which they must be surgically removed.\n<\/p><p>Saponins seem to occur throughout the lifecycle of the crown-of-thorns starfish. The saponins in the eggs are similar to those in the adult tissues, and presumably these carry over to the larvae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The mouthing behaviour of predators of juvenile starfish with rejection suggests the juveniles contain saponins.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Behavior\">Behavior<\/h3><\/div>\n<ul style=\"text-align:center;\" class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 165.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 163.33333333333px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cryptic_juveniles.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Juveniles concealed under coral rubble\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Juveniles concealed under coral rubble\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/00\/Cryptic_juveniles.JPG\/250px-Cryptic_juveniles.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"164\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Juveniles concealed under coral rubble<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 184px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 182px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:COTS_and_coral_scars_-_excellent.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Two starfish feeding on a coral, leaving white feeding scars\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Two starfish feeding on a coral, leaving white feeding scars\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/COTS_and_coral_scars_-_excellent.jpg\/330px-COTS_and_coral_scars_-_excellent.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Two starfish feeding on a coral, leaving white feeding scars<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 184px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 182px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:COTS_feeding_on_Acropora.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Feeding on branching Acropora coral\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Feeding on branching Acropora coral\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/95\/COTS_feeding_on_Acropora.JPG\/330px-COTS_feeding_on_Acropora.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Feeding on branching <i>Acropora<\/i> coral<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 182.66666666667px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 180.66666666667px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:COTS_on_Acropora.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Starfish &#39;competing&#39; for remaining live coral\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Starfish &#39;competing&#39; for remaining live coral\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e1\/COTS_on_Acropora.JPG\/330px-COTS_on_Acropora.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"181\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Starfish 'competing' for remaining live coral<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The adult crown-of-thorns is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corallivore\" title=\"Corallivore\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">corallivorous<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predation\" title=\"Predation\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">predator<\/a> that usually preys on reef <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scleractinia\" title=\"Scleractinia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">scleractinian<\/a> coral <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polyp_(zoology)\" title=\"Polyp (zoology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">polyps<\/a>, as well as encrusting sessile invertebrates and dead animals.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Cole&#95;21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cole-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>  It climbs onto a section of living coral colony using the large number of tube feet, which lie in distinct ambulacral grooves on the oral surface.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It fits closely to the surface of the coral, even the complex surfaces of branching corals. It then extrudes its stomach out through its mouth over the surface to virtually its own diameter. The stomach surface secretes digestive enzymes that allow the starfish to absorb nutrients from the liquefied coral tissue. This leaves a white scar of coral skeleton that is rapidly infested with filamentous algae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> An individual starfish can consume up to 6 square metres (65&#160;sq&#160;ft) of living coral reef per year.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In a study of feeding rates on two coral reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40&#160;cm (16&#160;in) and greater diameter) killed about 61&#160;cm<sup>2<\/sup> (9&#160;in<sup>2<\/sup>)\/day in winter and 357 to 478&#160;cm<sup>2<\/sup> (55 to 74&#160;in<sup>2<\/sup>) per day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20\u201339&#160;cm (8\u201315&#160;in), killed 155 to 234&#160;cm<sup>2<\/sup> (24 to 36&#160;in<sup>2<\/sup>) per day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about 10&#160;m<sup>2<\/sup> (108&#160;sq&#160;ft) from these observations.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invertebrates\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Invertebrates\" target=\"_new\">invertebrates<\/a>, is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poikilotherm\" title=\"Poikilotherm\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">poikilotherm<\/a> whose body temperature and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metabolic_rate\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Metabolic rate\" target=\"_new\">metabolic rate<\/a> are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of 35&#160;cm\/min (14&#160;in\/min),<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> which explains how outbreaks can damage large reef areas in relatively short periods.\n<\/p><p>The starfish show preferences between the hard corals on which they feed. They tend to feed on branching corals and table-like corals, such as <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acropora\" title=\"Acropora\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Acropora<\/a><\/i>, <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pavona_(coral)\" title=\"Pavona (coral)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pavona<\/a><\/i>, and <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pocillopora\" title=\"Pocillopora\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pocillopora<\/a><\/i> species, rather than on more rounded corals with less exposed surface area, such as <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porites\" title=\"Porites\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Porites<\/a><\/i> species.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990149&#95;28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990149-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Avoidance of <i>Porites<\/i> and some other corals may also be due to resident bivalve mollusks and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polychaete\" title=\"Polychaete\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">polychaete<\/a> worms in the surface of the coral, which discourage the starfish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Similarly, some <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symbionts\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Symbionts\" target=\"_new\">symbionts<\/a>, such as small crabs, living within the complex structures of branching corals, may ward off the starfish as it seeks to spread its stomach over the coral surface.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In reef areas of low densities of hard coral, reflecting the nature of the reef community or due to feeding by high-density crown-of-thorns, the starfish may be found feeding on soft corals (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Octocorallia\" title=\"Octocorallia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Octocorallia<\/a>).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Chansang&#95;Infestation&#95;of&#95;Acanthaster&#95;32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Chansang_Infestation_of_Acanthaster-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The starfish are cryptic in behavior during their first two years, emerging at night to feed. They usually remain so as adults when solitary. The only evidence of a hidden individual may be white feeding scars on adjacent coral. However, their behavior changes under two circumstances:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>During the breeding season, which is typically during early to midsummer, the starfish may gather together high on a reef and synchronously release gametes to achieve high levels of egg <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilisation\" title=\"Fertilisation\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fertilization<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> This pattern of synchronized spawning is very common amongst <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_invertebrates\" title=\"Marine invertebrates\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">marine invertebrates<\/a> that do not <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copulation_(zoology)\" title=\"Copulation (zoology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">copulate<\/a>. Solitary spawning gives no opportunity for fertilization of eggs and wastes <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gametes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gametes\" target=\"_new\">gametes<\/a> and evidence exists of a spawning <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pheromone\" title=\"Pheromone\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pheromone<\/a> that causes the starfish to aggregate and release gametes synchronously.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>When the starfish are at high densities, they may move day and night, competing for living coral.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n\"<i>A. planci<\/i> forages on corals at a high rate, especially when high populations occur, therefore resulting in loss of reef habitats and overall loss of species diversity. Research shows that when such populations of these starfish are found, they can destroy coral and alter the structure of reefs and its support marine organism.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>35<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Predators\">Predators<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Charonia_tritonis_in_Guam.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/07\/Charonia_tritonis_in_Guam.jpg\/250px-Charonia_tritonis_in_Guam.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"178\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triton%27s_trumpet\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Triton&#39;s trumpet\" target=\"_new\">Triton's trumpet<\/a> (<i>Charonia tritonis<\/i>) is one of the main predators of <i>A. planci<\/i>.<\/figcaption><\/figure> \n<p>The elongated, sharp spines covering nearly the entire upper surface of the crown-of-thorns starfish serve as a mechanical defense against large predators. They also have a chemical defense. Saponins presumably serve as an irritant when the spines pierce a predator, in the same way as they do when they pierce the skin of humans. Saponins have an unpleasant taste. A study to test the predation rate on juvenile <i>Acanthaster<\/i> spp. by appropriate fish species found that the starfish were often mouthed, tasted, and rejected.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> These defenses tend to make it an unattractive target for coral community predators. In spite of this, however, <i>Acanthaster<\/i> populations are typically composed of a proportion of individuals with regenerating arms.\n<\/p><p>About 11 species have been reported to prey occasionally on uninjured and healthy adults of <i>A. planci<\/i>. All of these are generalist feeders, but none of these seems to specifically prefer the starfish as a food source.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Moran&#95;The&#95;Acanthaster&#95;phenomenon&#95;37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Moran_The_Acanthaster_phenomenon-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> This number, however, is probably lower, as some of these presumed predators have not been witnessed reliably in the field. Some of those witnessed are:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>A species of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pufferfish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pufferfish\" target=\"_new\">pufferfish<\/a> and two <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triggerfish\" title=\"Triggerfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">triggerfish<\/a> have been observed to feed on crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea; although they may have some effect on the <i>A. planci<\/i> population, no evidence exists of systematic predation.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>38<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the Indo-Pacific waters, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White-spotted_puffer\" title=\"White-spotted puffer\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">white-spotted puffers<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balistoides_viridescens\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Balistoides viridescens\" target=\"_new\">Titan triggerfish<\/a> have also been found to eat this starfish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>39<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triton%27s_trumpet\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Triton&#39;s trumpet\" target=\"_new\">Triton's trumpet<\/a>, a very large <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastropod\" title=\"Gastropod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gastropod<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mollusca\" title=\"Mollusca\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mollusk<\/a>, is a known predator of <i>Acanthaster<\/i> in some parts of the starfish's range. The Triton has been described as tearing the starfish to pieces with its file-like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radula\" title=\"Radula\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">radula<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>The small painted shrimp <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hymenocera_picta\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hymenocera picta\" target=\"_new\">Hymenocera picta<\/a><\/i>, a general predator of starfish, has been found to prey on <i>A. planci<\/i> at some locations.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Glynn&#95;1981&#95;41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Glynn_1981-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> A <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polychaete\" title=\"Polychaete\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">polychaete<\/a> worm, <i> <\/i>, was observed to be feeding on the starfish together with the shrimp on an east Pacific coral reef.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Glynn&#95;1984&#95;42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Glynn_1984-42\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>42<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> About 0.6% of the starfish in the reef population were being attacked by both the shrimp and polychaete worm, killing the starfish in about a week. Glynn suggested this resulted in a balance between mortality and recruitment in this population, leading to a relatively stable population of starfish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Glynn&#95;1981&#95;41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Glynn_1981-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Since <i>P. striata<\/i> can only attack a damaged <i>A. planci<\/i> and cause its death, it may be regarded as an \"impatient scavenger\" rather than a predator.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed&#95;43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed-43\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>43<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> As distinct from predators, dead and mutilated adults of <i>A. planci<\/i> attract a number of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scavengers\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Scavengers\" target=\"_new\">scavengers<\/a>. Glynn lists two polychaete worms, a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermit_crab\" title=\"Hermit crab\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hermit crab<\/a>, a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sea urchin<\/a>, and seven species of small reef fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Glynn&#95;1984&#95;42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Glynn_1984-42\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>42<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Apparently, they are able to tolerate the distasteful saponins for an easy meal.<\/li>\n<li>A large, polyp-like creature of the cnidarian genus <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paracorynactis\" title=\"Paracorynactis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Paracorynactis<\/a><\/i> was observed attacking and then wholly ingesting a crown-of-thorns starfish of similar size.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>44<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Continued studies revealed this polyp is able to completely ingest a crown-of-thorns specimen up to 34&#160;cm (13&#160;in) in diameter.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-45\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-45\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Lifecycle\">Lifecycle<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Gametes_and_embryos\">Gametes and embryos<\/h3><\/div>\n<ul style=\"text-align:center;\" class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 118px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 116px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:XS_of_starfish_ovary.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Stained cross-section of ripe ovary full of ova\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Stained cross-section of ripe ovary full of ova\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/75\/XS_of_starfish_ovary.jpg\/250px-XS_of_starfish_ovary.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"116\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Stained cross-section of ripe ovary full of ova<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 118px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 116px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Starfish_testis.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Stained cross-section of testis (sperm are blue)\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Stained cross-section of testis (sperm are blue)\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Starfish_testis.jpg\/250px-Starfish_testis.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"116\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Stained cross-section of testis (sperm are blue)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 99.333333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 97.333333333333px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Spawning_starfish.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Spawning\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Spawning\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b9\/Spawning_starfish.JPG\/250px-Spawning_starfish.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"98\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Spawning<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 114.66666666667px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 112.66666666667px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Early_embryonic_development.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"First cell divisions within fertilised eggs, about 0.3&#160;mm in diameter\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"First cell divisions within fertilised eggs, about 0.3&#160;mm in diameter\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Early_embryonic_development.JPG\/250px-Early_embryonic_development.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"113\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">First cell divisions within fertilised eggs, about 0.3&#160;mm in diameter<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 97.333333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 95.333333333333px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gastrula_stage_of_starfish.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Free-living gastrula stage, about 0.5&#160;mm long\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Free-living gastrula stage, about 0.5&#160;mm long\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Gastrula_stage_of_starfish.JPG\/250px-Gastrula_stage_of_starfish.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"96\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Free-living gastrula stage, about 0.5&#160;mm long<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gonads increase in size as the animals become sexually mature, and at maturity, fill the arms and extend into the disk region. The ripe ovaries and testes are readily distinguishable, with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section, they are very different, with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ovum\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ovum\" target=\"_new\">ovum<\/a> and photograph) and the testes densely filled with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sperm\" title=\"Sperm\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sperm<\/a>, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fecundity\" title=\"Fecundity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fecundity<\/a> in female crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size, with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that:<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199063&#95;46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199063-46\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>46<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>A 200-mm-diameter female produces 0.5\u20132.5 million eggs, representing 2\u20138% of her wet weight.<\/li>\n<li>A 300-mm-diameter female produces 6.5\u201314 million eggs, representing 9\u201314% of her wet weight.<\/li>\n<li>A 400-mm-diameter female produces 47\u201353 million eggs, representing 20\u201325% of her wet weight.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonadosomatic_index\" title=\"Gonadosomatic index\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gonadosomatic index<\/a> (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Bos&#95;et&#95;al.&#95;2012&#95;47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bos_et_al._2012-47\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> which underlines the high fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993)<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>48<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>  monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to midsummer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In Northern Hemisphere coral reefs, however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Bos&#95;et&#95;al.&#95;2012&#95;47-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bos_et_al._2012-47\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and were also observed spawning in the Gulf of Thailand in September.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>49<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> High rates of egg fertilisation may be achieved through the behaviour of proximate and synchronised spawning (see above in Behaviour). Spawning is influenced by environmental cues such as changes in water temperatures and lunar events.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-50\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-50\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>50<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embryonic_development\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Embryonic development\" target=\"_new\">Embryonic development<\/a> begins about 1.5 hours after fertilisation, with the early cell divisions (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleavage_(embryo)\" title=\"Cleavage (embryo)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cleavage<\/a>) (photograph). By 8\u20139 hours, it has reached the 64-cell stage.\n<\/p><p>Some molecular and histological evidence suggests the occurrence of hermaphroditism in <i>Acanthaster<\/i> cf. <i>solaris<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>51<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Larval_stages\">Larval stages<\/h3><\/div>\n<ul style=\"text-align:center;\" class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 96px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 94px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bipinnaria_of_starfish.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Bipinnaria larva\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Bipinnaria larva\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/Bipinnaria_of_starfish.JPG\/250px-Bipinnaria_of_starfish.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"94\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Bipinnaria larva<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 103.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 101.33333333333px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:SEM_bipinnaria.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"SEM of bipinnaria larva\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"SEM of bipinnaria larva\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/78\/SEM_bipinnaria.JPG\/250px-SEM_bipinnaria.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"102\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">SEM of bipinnaria larva<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 85.333333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 83.333333333333px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Early_starfish_brachiolaria.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Brachiolaria larva\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Brachiolaria larva\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f8\/Early_starfish_brachiolaria.jpg\/250px-Early_starfish_brachiolaria.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"84\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Brachiolaria larva<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 92.666666666667px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 90.666666666667px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Late_starfish_brachiolaria.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Late brachiolaria with starfish primordium\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Late brachiolaria with starfish primordium\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Late_starfish_brachiolaria.JPG\/250px-Late_starfish_brachiolaria.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"91\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Late brachiolaria with starfish primordium<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 128px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 126px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brachiolarian_arms.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"SEM brachiolarian arms\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"SEM brachiolarian arms\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Brachiolarian_arms.JPG\/250px-Brachiolarian_arms.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"126\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">SEM brachiolarian arms<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By day 1, the embryo has hatched as a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciliated\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ciliated\" target=\"_new\">ciliated<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastrula\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gastrula\" target=\"_new\">gastrula<\/a> stage (photograph). By day 2, the gut is complete and the larva is now known as a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipinnaria\" title=\"Bipinnaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bipinnaria<\/a>. It has ciliated bands along the body and uses these to swim and filter feed on microscopic particles, particularly unicellular green flagellates (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phytoplankton\" title=\"Phytoplankton\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">phytoplankton<\/a>). The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scanning_electron_micrograph\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Scanning electron micrograph\" target=\"_new\">scanning electron micrograph<\/a> (SEM) clearly shows the complex ciliated bands of the bipinnarial larva. By day 5, it is an early brachiolarial larva. The arms of the bipinnaria have further elongated, two stump-like projections are in the anterior (not evident in the photograph), and structures are developing within the posterior of the larva. In the late brachiolarial larva (day 11), the larval arms are elongated and three distinctive arms occur at the anterior with small structures on their inner surfaces. To this stage, the larva has been virtually transparent, but the posterior section is now opaque with the initial development of a starfish. The late brachiolaria is 1.0\u20131.5&#160;mm. It tends to sink to the bottom and test the substrate with its brachiolar arms, including flexing the anterior body to orient the brachiolar arms against the substrate.\n<\/p><p>This description and assessment of optimum rate of development is based on early studies in the laboratory under attempted optimum conditions.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-52\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-52\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>52<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lucas1973&#95;53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lucas1973-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Yamaguchi&#95;54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Yamaguchi-54\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>54<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> However, not unexpectedly, there are large differences in growth rate and survival under various environmental conditions (see Causes of population outbreaks).\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Metamorphosis,_development,_and_growth\"><span id=\"rdp-we-Metamorphosis.2C_development.2C_and_growth\"><\/span>Metamorphosis, development, and growth<\/h3><\/div>\n<ul style=\"text-align:center;\" class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 146.66666666667px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 144.66666666667px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Settling_starfish_brachiolaria.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Settling brachiolarial larva\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Settling brachiolarial larva\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/18\/Settling_starfish_brachiolaria.JPG\/250px-Settling_starfish_brachiolaria.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"145\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Settling brachiolarial larva<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 142px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 140px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Post-metamorphosis_juvenile_starfish.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"A five-armed juvenile starfish immediately after metamorphosis\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A five-armed juvenile starfish immediately after metamorphosis\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/73\/Post-metamorphosis_juvenile_starfish.JPG\/250px-Post-metamorphosis_juvenile_starfish.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">A five-armed juvenile starfish immediately after metamorphosis<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 184px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 182px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coralline_algae_feeding_juvenile_COTS.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Early juvenile starfish feeding on coralline algae (leaving behind white feeding scars)\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Early juvenile starfish feeding on coralline algae (leaving behind white feeding scars)\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Coralline_algae_feeding_juvenile_COTS.jpg\/330px-Coralline_algae_feeding_juvenile_COTS.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Early juvenile starfish feeding on coralline algae (leaving behind white feeding scars)<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 154.66666666667px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 152.66666666667px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Early_coral-feeding_COTS_1.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Very young coral-feeding juvenile with full set of arms and madreporites\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Very young coral-feeding juvenile with full set of arms and madreporites\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Early_coral-feeding_COTS_1.JPG\/250px-Early_coral-feeding_COTS_1.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"153\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Very young coral-feeding juvenile with full set of arms and madreporites<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 184px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 182px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Early_coral-feeding_COTS.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Young coral-feeding juvenile\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Young coral-feeding juvenile\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Early_coral-feeding_COTS.JPG\/330px-Early_coral-feeding_COTS.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"120\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">Young coral-feeding juvenile<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The late brachiolaria search substrates with their arms, and when offered a choice of substrates, tend to settle on coralline algae, on which they subsequently feed. In the classic pattern for echinoderms, the bilaterally symmetrical larva is replaced by a pentamerously symmetrical stage at metamorphosis, with the latter's body axis bearing no relationship to that of the larva. Thus, the newly metamorphosed starfish are five-armed and are 0.4\u20131.0&#160;mm in diameter. (Note the size of the tube feet relative to the size of the animal.) They feed on the thin coating layers of hard, encrusting algae (coralline algae) on the undersides of dead coral rubble and other concealed surfaces. They extend their stomach over the surface of the encrusting algae and digest the tissue, as in the feeding by larger crown-of-thorns starfish on hard corals. The living tissue of the encrusting algae is approximately pink to dark red, and feeding by these early juveniles results in white scars on the surface of the algae. During the next months, the juveniles grow and add arms and associated madreporites in the pattern described by Yamaguchi<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Yamaguchi&#95;54-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Yamaguchi-54\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>54<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> until the adult numbers are attained 5\u20137 months after metamorphosis. Two hard corals with small polyps, <i>Pocillopora damicornis<\/i> and <i>Acropora acunimata<\/i>, were included in the aquaria with the encrusting algae, and at about the time the juvenile starfish achieved their full number of arms, they began feeding on the corals.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lucas76&#95;9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lucas76-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Juveniles of <i>A. planci<\/i> that had reached the stage of feeding on coral were then reared for some years in the same large closed-circuit seawater system that was used for the early juveniles. They were moved to larger tanks and kept supplied with coral so that food was not a limiting factor on growth rate. The growth curves of size versus age were <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigmoid_function\" title=\"Sigmoid function\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sigmoidal<\/a>, as seen in majority marine invertebrates.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-55\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-55\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>55<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> An initial period of relatively slow growth occurred while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth, which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200&#160;mm in diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were around 300&#160;and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years, and a seasonal pattern of gametogenesis and spawning became apparent, with water temperature being the only notable cue in the indoor aquarium. Most specimens of <i>A. planci<\/i> died from \"senility\" during the period 5.0\u20137.5 years, i.e. they fed poorly and shrank.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Field_observations_of_lifecycle\">Field observations of lifecycle<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The data above are derived from laboratory studies of <i>A. planci<\/i>, which are much more readily obtained than equivalent data from the field. The laboratory observations, however, are in accord with the limited field observations of lifecycle.\n<\/p><p>As in laboratory studies where <i>A. planci<\/i> larvae were found to select coralline algae for settlement, early juveniles (&lt;20&#160;mm in diameter) were found on subtidal coralline algae (<i>Porolithon onkodes<\/i>) on the windward reef front of Suva Reef (Fiji).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Zann,&#95;L&#95;Brodie,&#95;J;&#95;Berryman,&#95;C;&#95;Naqasima,&#95;M&#95;1987&#95;56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Zann,_L_Brodie,_J;_Berryman,_C;_Naqasima,_M_1987-56\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>56<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The juveniles were found in a variety of habitats where they were highly concealed - under coral blocks and rubble in the boulder zone of the exposed reef front, on dead bases of <i>Acropora<\/i> species in more sheltered areas, in narrow spaces within the reef crest, and on the fore-reef slope to depths of 8 m.\n<\/p><p>Growth rates on Suva Reef were found to be 2.6, 16.7 and 5.3&#160;mm\/month increase in diameter before coral feeding, in early coral feeding, and in adult phases, respectively.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Zann,&#95;L&#95;Brodie,&#95;J;&#95;Berryman,&#95;C;&#95;Naqasima,&#95;M&#95;1987&#95;56-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Zann,_L_Brodie,_J;_Berryman,_C;_Naqasima,_M_1987-56\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>56<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> This is in accord with the sigmoidal pattern of size versus age observed in laboratory studies, i.e. slow initial growth, a phase of very rapid growth beginning at coral feeding and tapering off of growth after the starfish reaches sexual maturity. In reefs in the Philippines, female and male specimens matured at 13 and 16&#160;cm, respectively.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Bos&#95;et&#95;al.&#95;2012&#95;47-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bos_et_al._2012-47\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Stump<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-57\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-57\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>57<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>  identified bands in the upper surface spines of <i>A. planci<\/i>, and attributed these to annual growth bands. He did not report growth rates based on these age determinations, and mark and recapture data, but he reported that the growth bands revealed 12+ year-old starfish: much older than those that became 'senile' and died in the laboratory.\n<\/p><p>In a small number of field studies, mortality rates of juvenile A. planci have to found to be very high, e.g. 6.5% per day for month-old and 0.45% per day for 7-month-old. Most of the mortality comes from predators, such as small crabs, that occur in and on the substrate with the juveniles.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-58\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-58\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>58<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is possible, however, that these rates may not reflect mortality over the range of habitats occupied by small juveniles.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Ecology\">Ecology<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Ecological_impact_on_reefs\">Ecological impact on reefs<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pre_A._planci.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Pre_A._planci.jpg\/250px-Pre_A._planci.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"165\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Coral before <i>A. planci<\/i> predation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Post_A._planci.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Post_A._planci.jpg\/250px-Post_A._planci.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Filamentous algae encrusting coral skeletons after <i>A. planci<\/i> predation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:After_Crown-of-thorns_predation_and_storm.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/66\/After_Crown-of-thorns_predation_and_storm.JPG\/250px-After_Crown-of-thorns_predation_and_storm.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Collapsed coral skeletons after <i>A. planci<\/i> predation and storm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i>A. planci<\/i> is one of the most efficient predators on scleractinian corals (stony corals or hard corals). Most coral-feeding organisms only cause tissue loss or localized injuries, but adults of <i>A. planci<\/i> can kill entire coral colonies.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>59<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In 1960-1965, marine scientist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Endean\" title=\"Robert Endean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Robert Endean<\/a> reported high densities of <i>A. planci<\/i> on the Great Barrier Reef.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>60<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>. This, along with 1970s book <i>Requiem for the Reef<\/i>, suggesting that there was a cover-up of the extent of damage,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-61\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-61\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>61<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> prompted the alarming idea that the coral and with it whole reefs were being destroyed by the starfish. In fact, as described above, the starfish preys on coral by digesting the surface of living tissue from the coral skeletons. These skeletons persist, together with the mass of coralline algae that is essential for reef integrity. The initial change (first-order effect) is loss of the veneer of living coral tissue.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p><p><i>A. planci<\/i> is a component of the fauna of most coral reefs and the effects of <i>A. planci<\/i> populations on coral reefs are very dependent on the population density. At low densities (1 to perhaps 30\/hectare) the rate at which coral is being preyed upon by the starfish, is less than the growth rate of the coral, i.e. the surface area of living coral is increasing. The starfish may, however, influence the coral community structure. Because the starfish do not feed indiscriminately they may cause a distribution of coral species and colony sizes that differs from a pattern without them. This is evident by comparison of coral reefs where <i>A. planci<\/i> has not been found to the more typical reefs with <i>A. planci<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed&#95;43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed-43\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>43<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biodiversity\" title=\"Biodiversity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">biodiversity<\/a>, driving <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecological_succession\" title=\"Ecological succession\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ecological succession<\/a>. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower-growing coral varieties.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-62\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-62\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>62<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>At high densities (outbreaks, plagues), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size, and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even at low densities, but during high densities, the cleared coral patches become almost or completely continuous.\nSecond-order effects exist for these large areas of preyed coral:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>The bare coral skeletons are rapidly colonised by filamentous algae.<\/li>\n<li>Large stands of staghorn coral, <i>Acropora<\/i> species, may collapse and become rubble, reducing the topographical complexity of the reef<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes, the preyed surfaces are further invaded by macroalgae, soft coral, and sponges. These tend to take over reef surfaces for long periods, as alternatives to hard coral communities; once established, they limit recruitment by hard-coral larvae.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Aesthetically, in all the above cases, the reef surface is not as attractive as the living coral surface, but it is anything but dead.\n<\/p><p>A third-order effect can arise from the invasion by filamentous algae. Animals that depend directly or indirectly on hard corals, e.g. for shelter and food, should lose out, and herbivores and less specialist feeders gain. This likely would be most conspicuous in the fish fauna, and long-terms studies of coral reef-fish communities confirm this expectation.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-63\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-63\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>63<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-64\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-64\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>64<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Population_outbreaks\">Population outbreaks<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Acanthaster_planci,_%C3%A9toiles_mangeuses_de_corail.jpeg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Acanthaster_planci%2C_%C3%A9toiles_mangeuses_de_corail.jpeg\/250px-Acanthaster_planci%2C_%C3%A9toiles_mangeuses_de_corail.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Outbreak in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Polynesia\" title=\"French Polynesia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">French Polynesia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Large populations of crown-of-thorns starfish (sometimes emotively known as plagues) have been substantiated as occurring at 21 locations of coral reefs during the 1960s to 1980s.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199036\u201340&#95;65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199036\u201340-65\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>65<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> These locations ranged from the Red Sea through the tropical Indo-Pacific region to French Polynesia. At least two substantiated repeated outbreaks occurred at 10 of these locations.\n<\/p><p>Values of starfish density from 140 to 1,000\/ha have been considered in various reports to be outbreak populations, while starfish densities less than 100\/ha have been considered to be low;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Moran&#95;The&#95;Acanthaster&#95;phenomenon&#95;37-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Moran_The_Acanthaster_phenomenon-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> however, at densities below 100\/ha, feeding by <i>A. planci<\/i> may exceed the growth of coral with a net loss of coral.\n<\/p><p>From the surveys of many reef locations throughout the starfish's distribution, large abundances of <i>Acanthaster<\/i> spp. can be categorised as:\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Primary outbreaks, where abrupt population increases of at least two magnitudes cannot be explained by the presence of a previous outbreak<\/li>\n<li>Secondary outbreaks can plausibly be related to previous outbreaks through the reproduction of a previous <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cohort_(statistics)\" title=\"Cohort (statistics)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cohort<\/a> of the starfish. These may appear as recruits to reefs down current from an existing outbreak population.<\/li>\n<li>Chronic situations where  a persistent moderate to high density population exists at a reef location where the coral is sparse due to persistent feeding by the starfish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038&#95;66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038-66\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>66<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Barrier_Reef\" title=\"Great Barrier Reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Great Barrier Reef<\/a> (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs, and species diversity. When high densities of <i>Acanthaster<\/i>, which were causing heavy mortality of coral, were first seen about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_Island_(Queensland)\" title=\"Green Island (Queensland)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Green Island<\/a>, off Cairns, in 1960\u201365,  this caused considerable alarm. High-density populations were subsequently found of a number of reefs to the south of Green Island, in the central GBR region<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>67<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-68\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-68\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>68<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-69\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-69\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>69<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Some popular publications suggested that the whole reef was in danger of dying,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-70\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-70\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>70<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-71\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-71\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>71<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and they influenced and reflected some public alarm over the state and future of the GBR.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A number of studies have  modeled the population outbreaks on the GBR as a means to understand the phenomenon.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>72<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-73\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-73\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>73<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The Australian and Queensland governments funded research and set up advisory committees during the period of great anxiety about the nature of the starfish outbreaks on the GBR. They were regarded as not coming to terms with the unprecedented nature and magnitude of this problem.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-74\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-74\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>74<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Many scientists were criticised for not being able to give definitive but unsubstantiated answers. Others were more definitive in their answers.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Endean&#95;75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Endean-75\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>75<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Scientists were criticised for their reticence and for disagreeing on the nature and causes of the outbreaks on the GBR, sometimes described as the \"starfish wars\".<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-76\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-76\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>76<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Endean&#95;75-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Endean-75\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>75<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Causes_of_population_outbreaks\">Causes of population outbreaks<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Serious discussion and some strongly held views mention the causes of this phenomenon. Some <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypotheses\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hypotheses\" target=\"_new\">hypotheses<\/a> focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish\u2014the \"predator removal hypothesis\":\n<\/p>\n<ul><li>Over-collecting of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triton_(gastropod)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Triton (gastropod)\" target=\"_new\">tritons<\/a>, a predator of the starfish<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-77\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-77\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>77<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Overfishing of predators of the starfish such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humphead_wrasse\" title=\"Humphead wrasse\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Humphead wrasse<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-78\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-78\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>78<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Decline in predator populations through <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habitat_destruction\" title=\"Habitat destruction\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">habitat destruction<\/a><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Chansang&#95;Infestation&#95;of&#95;Acanthaster&#95;32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Chansang_Infestation_of_Acanthaster-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Warmer sea temperatures enhance larvae development<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-79\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-79\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>79<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Anthropogenic impacts, such as allochthonous nutrient input<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-80\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-80\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>80<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<p>Many of the reports of fish preying on <i>Acanthaster<\/i> are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humphead_wrasse\" title=\"Humphead wrasse\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">humphead wrasse<\/a> may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-81\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-81\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>81<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Individual puffer fish and trigger fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but  no evidence has found them to be a significant factor in population control.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-82\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-82\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>82<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of the starfish, found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-83\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-83\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>83<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they would not keep still while being eaten. Also, they need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die; 17\u201360% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Moran&#95;The&#95;Acanthaster&#95;phenomenon&#95;37-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Moran_The_Acanthaster_phenomenon-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Clearly, the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the damage includes a major section of the disk together with arms, the number of arms regenerating on the disk may be less than the number lost.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038&#95;66-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038-66\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>66<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Another hypothesis is the \"aggregation hypothesis\", whereby large aggregations of <i>A. planci<\/i> appear as apparent outbreaks because they have consumed all the adjacent coral. This seems to imply that apparently a dense population outbreak exists when  a more diffuse population outbreak has happened that has been dense enough to comprehensively prey on large areas of hard coral.\n<\/p><p>Female crown-of-thorns starfish are very fecund. Based on the eggs in ovaries, 200-, 300-. and 400-mm-diameter females potentially spawn around 4, 30, and 50 million eggs, respectively<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-84\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-84\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>84<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> (see also Gametes and embryos). Lucas adopted a different approach, focusing on the survival of the larvae arising from the eggs.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-85\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-85\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>85<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The rationale for this approach was that small changes in the survival of larvae and developmental stages would result in very large changes in the adult population, considering two hypothetical situations.\n<\/p><p>About 20 million eggs from a female spawning, having a survival rate around 0.00001% throughout development, would replace two adult starfish in a low-density population where the larvae recruit. If, however, the survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs, this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development,  changes in survival likely are of most importance during this phase of development.\n<\/p><p>Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lucas1973&#95;53-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lucas1973-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> However, abundance and species of the particular component of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phytoplankton\" title=\"Phytoplankton\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">phytoplankton<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unicellular\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Unicellular\" target=\"_new\">unicellular<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flagellates\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Flagellates\" target=\"_new\">flagellates<\/a>) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells is especially important.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-86\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-86\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>86<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds.\n<\/p><p>Charles Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-87\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-87\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>87<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of <i>A. planci<\/i> through input of nutrients.\n<\/p><p>Combining Birkeland's observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks:\n<\/p><p><b>increased terrestrial runoff \u2192 increased nutrients denser phytoplankton\u2191\u2192 better larval survival \u2192 increased starfish populations<\/b>\n<\/p><p>Further of these connections have been confirmed, but research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maria_Byrne_(marine_biologist)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Maria Byrne (marine biologist)\" target=\"_new\">Byrne<\/a> (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ReferenceA&#95;88-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ReferenceA-88\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>88<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-89\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-89\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>89<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-90\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-90\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>90<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-91\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-91\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>91<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-92\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-92\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>92<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff have been described as \"an inconvenient study\".<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ReferenceA&#95;88-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ReferenceA-88\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>88<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Also, a flow-on effect is seen in that where large starfish populations produce large numbers of larvae,  heavy recruitment is likely on reefs downstream to which the larvae are carried and then settle.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Population_control\">Population control<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Acanthaster_planci_in_Bohol_(Philippines).jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Acanthaster_planci_in_Bohol_%28Philippines%29.jpg\/250px-Acanthaster_planci_in_Bohol_%28Philippines%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Blue <i>A. planci<\/i> in Balicasag Island (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Population numbers for the crown-of-thorns have been increasing since the 1970s.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-kill&#95;93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kill-93\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>93<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Historic records of distribution patterns and numbers, though, are hard to come by, as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scuba_diving\" title=\"Scuba diving\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">SCUBA<\/a> technology, necessary to conduct population censuses, had only been developed in the previous few decades.\n<\/p><p>To prevent overpopulation of crown-of-thorns causing widespread destruction to coral reef habitats, humans have implemented a variety of control measures. Manual removals have been successful,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Bos&#95;et&#95;al.&#95;2012&#95;47-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bos_et_al._2012-47\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> but are relatively labour-intensive. Injecting <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sodium_bisulfate\" title=\"Sodium bisulfate\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sodium bisulfate<\/a> into the starfish is the most efficient measure in practice. Sodium bisulfate is deadly to crown-of-thorns, but it does not harm the surrounding reef and oceanic ecosystems.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-CRC&#95;94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CRC-94\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>94<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> To control areas of high infestations, teams of divers have had kill rates of up to 120 per hour per diver.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-CRC&#95;94-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CRC-94\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>94<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The practice of dismembering them was shown to have a kill rate of 12 per hour per diver, and the diver performing this test was spiked three times. As a result, dismemberings are discouraged for this reason, and not because of rumours that they might be able to regenerate.\n<\/p><p>An even more labour-intensive route, but less risky to the diver, is to bury them under rocks or debris. This route is only suitable for areas with low infestation and if materials are available to perform the procedure without damaging corals.\n<\/p><p>A 2015 study by James Cook University showed that common household vinegar is also effective, as the acidity causes the starfish to disintegrate within days.  Vinegar is also harmless to the environment, and is not restricted by regulations regarding animal products such as bile.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-95\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-95\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>95<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In 2019, divers were using a 10% vinegar solution to reduce starfish populations in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raja_Ampat_Islands\" title=\"Raja Ampat Islands\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Raja Ampat Islands<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-96\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>96<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A new successful method of population control is by the injection of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiosulfate-citrate-bile_salts-sucrose_agar\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar\" target=\"_new\">thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar<\/a> (TCBS). Only one injection is needed, leading to starfish's death in 24 hours from a contagious disease marked by \"discoloured and necrotic skin, ulcerations, loss of body turgor, accumulation of colourless mucus on many spines especially at their tip, and loss of spines. Blisters on the dorsal integument broke through the skin surface and resulted in large, open sores that exposed the internal organs.\"<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-97\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-97\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>97<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>An autonomous starfish-killing robot called <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COTSBot\" title=\"COTSBot\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">COTSBot<\/a> has been developed, and as of September 2015, was close to being ready for trials on the GBR.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>98<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The COTSbot, which has a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neural_net\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Neural net\" target=\"_new\">neural net<\/a>-aided vision system, is designed to seek out crown-of-thorns starfish and give them a lethal injection of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bile_salts\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bile salts\" target=\"_new\">bile salts<\/a>. After it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moreton_Bay\" title=\"Moreton Bay\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Moreton Bay<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brisbane\" title=\"Brisbane\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Brisbane<\/a> to refine its navigation system, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queensland_University_of_Technology\" title=\"Queensland University of Technology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Queensland University of Technology<\/a> researcher Matthew Dunbabin. No crown-of-thorns starfish are in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-99\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-99\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>99<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-100\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-100\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>100<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-101\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-101\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>101<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>There is research in Indonesia into the use of ground COTS remains as a fortifying additive to feed for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whiteleg_shrimp\" title=\"Whiteleg shrimp\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">whiteleg shrimp<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>102<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230707162022\/https:\/\/www.barrierreef.org\/the-reef\/threats\/Crown-of-thorns%20starfish\" target=\"_new\">\"Crown of Thorns Starfish\"<\/a>. <i>Great Barrier Reef Foundation<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.barrierreef.org\/the-reef\/threats\/Crown-of-thorns%20starfish\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2023-07-07<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2022-09-06<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Great+Barrier+Reef+Foundation&amp;rft.atitle=Crown+of+Thorns+Starfish&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrierreef.org%2Fthe-reef%2Fthreats%2FCrown-of-thorns%2520starfish&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199097\u201398_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, pp.&#160;97\u201398.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Petie-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Petie_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Petie_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPetieGarmHall2016\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Petie, R.; Garm, A. &amp; Hall, M.R. (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5013567\" target=\"_new\">\"Crown of Thorns have True Image Forming Vision\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Zoology<\/i>. <b>13<\/b> (1). 41. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2Fs12983-016-0174-9\" target=\"_new\">10.1186\/s12983-016-0174-9<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5013567\" target=\"_new\">5013567<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27605999\" target=\"_new\">27605999<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Crown+of+Thorns+have+True+Image+Forming+Vision&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=41&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5013567%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F27605999&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12983-016-0174-9&amp;rft.aulast=Petie&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Garm%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Hall%2C+M.R.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5013567&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Carpenter-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Carpenter_4-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Carpenter, R.C. (1997) <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marine.usf.edu\/reefslab\/documents\/evol_ecol2007\/Carpenter(inpress).pdf\" target=\"_new\">Invertebrate Predators and Grazers\"<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120501085820\/http:\/\/www.marine.usf.edu\/reefslab\/documents\/evol_ecol2007\/Carpenter(inpress).pdf\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> 2012-05-01 at the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wayback Machine<\/a> In: C. Birkeland, <i>Life and death of coral reefs<\/i>, Springer. <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-412-03541-8<\/bdi>.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCaso1974\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Caso, M.J. (1974). \"External morphology of <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i> (Linnaeus)\". <i>Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India<\/i>. <b>16<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">83\u2013<\/span>93.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Marine+Biological+Association+of+India&amp;rft.atitle=External+morphology+of+Acanthaster+planci+%28Linnaeus%29&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=83-93&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.aulast=Caso&amp;rft.aufirst=M.J.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">\"Crown of Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster Planci).\" Crown of Thorns Starfish Videos, Photos and Facts. Web. 5 November 2014. &lt;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.arkive.org\/crown-of-thorns-starfish\/acanthaster-planci\/\" target=\"_new\">http:\/\/www.arkive.org\/crown-of-thorns-starfish\/acanthaster-planci\/<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141106142124\/http:\/\/www.arkive.org\/crown-of-thorns-starfish\/acanthaster-planci\/\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> 2014-11-06 at the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wayback Machine<\/a>&gt;.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLawrence2013\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Lawrence, John M. (2013). <i>Starfish: Biology and Ecology of the Asteroidea<\/i>. JHU Press. p.&#160;132. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-1-4214-0787-6<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Starfish%3A+Biology+and+Ecology+of+the+Asteroidea&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft.pub=JHU+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0787-6&amp;rft.aulast=Lawrence&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLawrence2013\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Lawrence, John M. (2013). <i>Starfish: Biology and Ecology of the Asteroidea<\/i>. JHU Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-1-4214-0787-6<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Starfish%3A+Biology+and+Ecology+of+the+Asteroidea&amp;rft.pub=JHU+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0787-6&amp;rft.aulast=Lawrence&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Lucas76-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lucas76_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lucas76_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLucasJones1976\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lucas, J. S.; Jones, M. M. (1976). \"Hybrid crown-of-thorns starfish (<i>Acanthaster planci x A. Brevispinus<\/i>) reared to maturity in the laboratory\". <i>Nature<\/i>. <b>263<\/b> (5576): <span class=\"nowrap\">409\u2013<\/span>12. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1976Natur.263..409L\" target=\"_new\">1976Natur.263..409L<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F263409a0\" target=\"_new\">10.1038\/263409a0<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/972678\" target=\"_new\">972678<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4218030\" target=\"_new\">4218030<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Hybrid+crown-of-thorns+starfish+%28Acanthaster+planci+x+A.+Brevispinus%29+reared+to+maturity+in+the+laboratory&amp;rft.volume=263&amp;rft.issue=5576&amp;rft.pages=409-12&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F263409a0&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4218030%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F972678&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976Natur.263..409L&amp;rft.aulast=Lucas&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+S.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+M.+M.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBlake1979\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Blake, DJ (1979). \"The affinities and origins of the crown-of-thorns sea star <i>Acanthaster Gervais<\/i>\". <i>J. Nat. Hist<\/i>. <b>13<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">303\u2013<\/span>314. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1979JNatH..13..303B\" target=\"_new\">1979JNatH..13..303B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F00222937900770241\" target=\"_new\">10.1080\/00222937900770241<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Nat.+Hist.&amp;rft.atitle=The+affinities+and+origins+of+the+crown-of-thorns+sea+star+Acanthaster+Gervais&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=303-314&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00222937900770241&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979JNatH..13..303B&amp;rft.aulast=Blake&amp;rft.aufirst=DJ&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199013\u201319-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199013\u201319_11-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, pp.&#160;13\u201319.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLucas,&#95;J&#95;SNash,&#95;W&#95;JNishida,&#95;M1985\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Lucas, J S; Nash, W J; Nishida, M (1985). \"Aspects of the evolution of <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i> (L) (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)\". <i>Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress, Tahiti 27 May - 1 June 1985, Vol. 5<\/i>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+evolution+of+Acanthaster+planci+%28L%29+%28Echinodermata%2C+Asteroidea%29&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+fifth+international+coral+reef+congress%2C+Tahiti+27+May+-+1+June+1985%2C+Vol.+5&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.au=Lucas%2C+J+S&amp;rft.au=Nash%2C+W+J&amp;rft.au=Nishida%2C+M&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBenzie,&#95;JAH1999\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Benzie, JAH (1999). \"Major genetic differences between crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans\". <i>Evolution<\/i>. <b>53<\/b> (6): <span class=\"nowrap\">1782\u2013<\/span>1795. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F2640440\" target=\"_new\">10.2307\/2640440<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">JSTOR<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2640440\" target=\"_new\">2640440<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28565442\" target=\"_new\">28565442<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Major+genetic+differences+between+crown-of-thorns+starfish+%28Acanthaster+planci%29+populations+in+the+Indian+and+Pacific+Oceans&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1782-1795&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F28565442&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2640440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2640440&amp;rft.au=Benzie%2C+JAH&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFVoglerBenzieLessiosBarber2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Vogler, C.; Benzie, J.; Lessios, H.; Barber, P.; Worheide, G. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2614177\" target=\"_new\">\"A threat to coral reefs multiplied? Four species of crown-of-thorns starfish\"<\/a>. <i>Biology Letters<\/i>. <b>4<\/b> (6): <span class=\"nowrap\">696\u2013<\/span>9. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0454\" target=\"_new\">10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0454<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2614177\" target=\"_new\">2614177<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18832058\" target=\"_new\">18832058<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=A+threat+to+coral+reefs+multiplied%3F+Four+species+of+crown-of-thorns+starfish&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=696-9&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614177%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F18832058&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0454&amp;rft.aulast=Vogler&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Benzie%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lessios%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Barber%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Worheide%2C+G.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614177&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081004175615\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/afp\/20080930\/sc_afp\/environmentspeciescoralstarfish\" target=\"_new\">\"Coral-killing starfish turns out to be four species, not one\"<\/a>. <i>Yahoo! News<\/i>. AFP. 2008-09-30. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/afp\/20080930\/sc_afp\/environmentspeciescoralstarfish;_ylt=AlnppU0dwoo3z3CO4DxhcwgPLBIF\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2008-10-04<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2008-10-14<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&amp;rft.atitle=Coral-killing+starfish+turns+out+to+be+four+species%2C+not+one&amp;rft.date=2008-09-30&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fafp%2F20080930%2Fsc&#95;afp%2Fenvironmentspeciescoralstarfish%3B&#95;ylt%3DAlnppU0dwoo3z3CO4DxhcwgPLBIF&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHudson&#95;R.R.Coyne&#95;J.2002\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson R.R.; Coyne J. (2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x\" target=\"_new\">\"Mathematical consequences of the genealogical species concept\"<\/a>. <i>Evolution<\/i>. <b>56<\/b> (8): <span class=\"nowrap\">1557\u2013<\/span>1565. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12353748\" target=\"_new\">12353748<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:8012779\" target=\"_new\">8012779<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Mathematical+consequences+of+the+genealogical+species+concept&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1557-1565&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8012779%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F12353748&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x&amp;rft.au=Hudson+R.R.&amp;rft.au=Coyne+J.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRubinoff,&#95;D.2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Rubinoff, D. (2006). \"Utility of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in species conservation\". <i>Conserv. Biol<\/i>. <b>20<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\">1026\u2013<\/span>1033. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2006ConBi..20.1026R\" target=\"_new\">2006ConBi..20.1026R<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00372.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00372.x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16922219\" target=\"_new\">16922219<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:25740078\" target=\"_new\">25740078<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Conserv.+Biol.&amp;rft.atitle=Utility+of+mitochondrial+DNA+barcodes+in+species+conservation&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=1026-1033&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00372.x&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25740078%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F16922219&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ConBi..20.1026R&amp;rft.au=Rubinoff%2C+D.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBabcockMundyKeesingOliver1992\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Babcock R, Mundy C, Keesing J, Oliver J (1992). \"Predictable and unpredictable spawning events: in situ behavioural data from free-spawning coral reef invertebrates\". <i>Invertebrate Reproduction and Development<\/i>. <b>22<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>3): <span class=\"nowrap\">213\u2013<\/span>228. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1992InvRD..22..213B\" target=\"_new\">1992InvRD..22..213B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F07924259.1992.9672274\" target=\"_new\">10.1080\/07924259.1992.9672274<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Reproduction+and+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Predictable+and+unpredictable+spawning+events%3A+in+situ+behavioural+data+from+free-spawning+coral+reef+invertebrates&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&amp;rft.pages=213-228&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07924259.1992.9672274&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992InvRD..22..213B&amp;rft.aulast=Babcock&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Mundy%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Keesing%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Oliver%2C+J&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990131\u2013132-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990131\u2013132_19-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, pp.&#160;131\u2013132.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBarnett1968\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Barnett, D; et&#160;al. (1968). \"Determination of contents of steroidal saponins in starfish tissues and study of their biosynthesis\". <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B<\/i>. <b>90<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">141\u2013<\/span>145. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0305-0491%2888%2990050-8\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/0305-0491(88)90050-8<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+B&amp;rft.atitle=Determination+of+contents+of+steroidal+saponins+in+starfish+tissues+and+study+of+their+biosynthesis.&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=141-145&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-0491%2888%2990050-8&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Cole-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Cole_21-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFColePratchettJones2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Cole, Andrew; Pratchett, Morgan; Jones, Geoffrey (2008). \"Diversity and functional importance of coral-feeding fishes on tropical coral reefs\". <i>Fish and Fisheries<\/i>. <b>9<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">286\u2013<\/span>307. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2008AqFF....9..286C\" target=\"_new\">2008AqFF....9..286C<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-2979.2008.00290.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2008.00290.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fish+and+Fisheries&amp;rft.atitle=Diversity+and+functional+importance+of+coral-feeding+fishes+on+tropical+coral+reefs&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=286-307&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-2979.2008.00290.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AqFF....9..286C&amp;rft.aulast=Cole&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.au=Pratchett%2C+Morgan&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Geoffrey&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Acanthaster_planci\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Acanthaster_planci\/<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPechenik2015\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Pechenik, J. (2015). <i>Biology of the invertebrates<\/i> (7th&#160;ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p.&#160;505.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+of+the+invertebrates&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=505&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.aulast=Pechenik&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBelk1975\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Belk, D (1975). \"An observation of algal colonization on <i>Acropora aspera<\/i> killed by <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>\". <i>Hydrobiologia<\/i>. <b>46<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">29\u2013<\/span>32. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1975HyBio..46...29B\" target=\"_new\">1975HyBio..46...29B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fbf00038724\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/bf00038724<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:25260922\" target=\"_new\">25260922<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&amp;rft.atitle=An+observation+of+algal+colonization+on+Acropora+aspera+killed+by+Acanthaster+planci&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=29-32&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25260922%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00038724&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975HyBio..46...29B&amp;rft.aulast=Belk&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPierre&#95;Madl1998\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pierre Madl (1998). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/biophysics.sbg.ac.at\/planci\/planci.htm\" target=\"_new\">\"Acanthaster planci (An overview of the crown of thorns starfish)\"<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2006-08-28<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Acanthaster+planci+%28An+overview+of+the+crown+of+thorns+starfish%29&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.au=Pierre+Madl&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiophysics.sbg.ac.at%2Fplanci%2Fplanci.htm&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKeesingLucas1992\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Keesing JK, Lucas JS (1992). \"Field measurement of feeding and movement rates of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (L.)\". <i>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology<\/i>. <b>156<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">89\u2013<\/span>104. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1992JEMBE.156.8994K\" target=\"_new\">1992JEMBE.156.8994K<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0022-0981%2892%2990018-6\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/0022-0981(92)90018-6<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Field+measurement+of+feeding+and+movement+rates+of+the+crown-of-thorns+starfish+Acanthaster+planci+%28L.%29.&amp;rft.volume=156&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=89-104&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-0981%2892%2990018-6&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JEMBE.156.8994K&amp;rft.aulast=Keesing&amp;rft.aufirst=JK&amp;rft.au=Lucas%2C+JS&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMueller&#95;BAR&#95;BosG&#95;GrafGS&#95;Gumanao2011\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Mueller B; AR Bos; G Graf; GS Gumanao (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fab00326\" target=\"_new\">\"Size-specific locomotion rate and movement pattern of four common Indo-Pacific sea stars (Echinodermata; Asteroidea)\"<\/a>. <i>Aquatic Biology<\/i>. <b>12<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">157\u2013<\/span>164. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fab00326\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/ab00326<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Size-specific+locomotion+rate+and+movement+pattern+of+four+common+Indo-Pacific+sea+stars+%28Echinodermata%3B+Asteroidea%29&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=157-164&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fab00326&amp;rft.au=Mueller+B&amp;rft.au=AR+Bos&amp;rft.au=G+Graf&amp;rft.au=GS+Gumanao&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fab00326&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990149-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990149_28-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, p.&#160;149.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Acanthaster_planci\/\" target=\"_new\">https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Acanthaster_planci\/<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDe&#95;VantierReichelt&#95;and&#95;Bradbury1986\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">De Vantier; Reichelt and Bradbury (1986). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps032307\" target=\"_new\">\"Does 'Spirobranchus giganteus protect host <i>Porites<\/i> from predation by <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>: predator pressure as a mechanism of coevolution?\"<\/a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/i>. <b>32<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">307\u2013<\/span>310. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1986MEPS...32..307D\" target=\"_new\">1986MEPS...32..307D<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps032307\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/meps032307<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Does+%27Spirobranchus+giganteus+protect+host+Porites+from+predation+by+Acanthaster+planci%3A+predator+pressure+as+a+mechanism+of+coevolution%3F&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.pages=307-310&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps032307&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986MEPS...32..307D&amp;rft.au=De+Vantier&amp;rft.au=Reichelt+and+Bradbury&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps032307&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPratchett2001\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Pratchett (2001). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps214111\" target=\"_new\">\"Influence of coral symbionts on feeding preferences of crown-of-thorns starfish <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i> in the western Pacific\"<\/a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/i>. <b>214<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">111\u2013<\/span>119. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2001MEPS..214..111P\" target=\"_new\">2001MEPS..214..111P<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps214111\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/meps214111<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Influence+of+coral+symbionts+on+feeding+preferences+of+crown-of-thorns+starfish+Acanthaster+planci+in+the+western+Pacific.&amp;rft.volume=214&amp;rft.pages=111-119&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps214111&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001MEPS..214..111P&amp;rft.au=Pratchett&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps214111&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Chansang&#95;Infestation&#95;of&#95;Acanthaster-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Chansang_Infestation_of_Acanthaster_32-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Chansang_Infestation_of_Acanthaster_32-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFChansang1987\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Chansang, H (1987). \"Infestation of Acanthaster planci in the Andaman Sea\". <i>Second international symposium on Indo-Pacific marine biology Western Society of Naturalists University of Guam 23-28 June 1986<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">OCLC<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/17256640\" target=\"_new\">17256640<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Infestation+of+Acanthaster+planci+in+the+Andaman+Sea&amp;rft.btitle=Second+international+symposium+on+Indo-Pacific+marine+biology+Western+Society+of+Naturalists+University+of+Guam+23-28+June+1986&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17256640&amp;rft.aulast=Chansang&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBabcockMundy&#95;and&#95;Whitehead1994\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Babcock; Mundy and Whitehead (1994). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/part\/2894\" target=\"_new\">\"Sperm diffusion models and <i>in situ<\/i> confirmation of long-distance fertilization in the free-spawning asteroid <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>Biological Bulletin<\/i>. <b>186<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">17\u2013<\/span>28. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F1542033\" target=\"_new\">10.2307\/1542033<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">JSTOR<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1542033\" target=\"_new\">1542033<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29283304\" target=\"_new\">29283304<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Sperm+diffusion+models+and+in+situ+confirmation+of+long-distance+fertilization+in+the+free-spawning+asteroid+Acanthaster+planci&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=17-28&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F29283304&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1542033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1542033&amp;rft.au=Babcock&amp;rft.au=Mundy+and+Whitehead&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F2894&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBeach,&#95;DHHanscomb,&#95;NJOrmond,&#95;RFG1975\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Beach, DH; Hanscomb, NJ; Ormond, RFG (1975). \"Spawning pheromone in crown-of-thorns starfish\". <i>Nature<\/i>. <b>254<\/b> (5496): <span class=\"nowrap\">135\u2013<\/span>136. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1975Natur.254..135B\" target=\"_new\">1975Natur.254..135B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F254135a0\" target=\"_new\">10.1038\/254135a0<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1117997\" target=\"_new\">1117997<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4278163\" target=\"_new\">4278163<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Spawning+pheromone+in+crown-of-thorns+starfish&amp;rft.volume=254&amp;rft.issue=5496&amp;rft.pages=135-136&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F254135a0&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4278163%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F1117997&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Natur.254..135B&amp;rft.au=Beach%2C+DH&amp;rft.au=Hanscomb%2C+NJ&amp;rft.au=Ormond%2C+RFG&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">(Brodie et al., 2005).<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSweatman1995\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Sweatman, HPA (1995). \"A field study of fish predation on juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish\". <i>Coral Reefs<\/i>. <b>14<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">47\u2013<\/span>53. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1995CorRe..14...47S\" target=\"_new\">1995CorRe..14...47S<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fbf00304071\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/bf00304071<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:6434509\" target=\"_new\">6434509<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.atitle=A+field+study+of+fish+predation+on+juvenile+crown-of-thorns+starfish&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=47-53&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6434509%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00304071&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995CorRe..14...47S&amp;rft.aulast=Sweatman&amp;rft.aufirst=HPA&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Moran&#95;The&#95;Acanthaster&#95;phenomenon-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Moran_The_Acanthaster_phenomenon_37-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Moran_The_Acanthaster_phenomenon_37-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Moran_The_Acanthaster_phenomenon_37-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMoran1986\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Moran, P. J (1986). \"The <i>Acanthaster<\/i> phenomenon\". <i>Oceanography and Marine Biology<\/i>. <b>24<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">379\u2013<\/span>480. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique\" title=\"Institut de l&#39;information scientifique et technique\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">INIST<\/a><span class=\"nowrap\">&#160;<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pascal-francis.inist.fr\/vibad\/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=8358915\" target=\"_new\">8358915<\/a> <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NAID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"NAID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">NAID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/naid\/10027122155\/en\/\" target=\"_new\">10027122155<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oceanography+and+Marine+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Acanthaster+phenomenon&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.pages=379-480&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.aulast=Moran&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+J&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span> Republished as: <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMoran1988\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Moran, Peter John (1988). <i>The Acanthaster Phenomenon<\/i>. Australian Institute of Marine Science. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.60630\" target=\"_new\">10.5962\/bhl.title.60630<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-642-13250-5<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Acanthaster+Phenomenon&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Marine+Science&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.60630&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-642-13250-5&amp;rft.aulast=Moran&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+John&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFOrmondCampbell1974\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ormond, Rupert F. G.; Campbell, Andrew C. (1974). \"Formation and breakdown of Acanthaster planci aggregations in the Red Sea\". <i>Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs<\/i>. Vol.&#160;1. Great Barrier Reef Committee. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">595\u2013<\/span>620. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-909377-00-7<\/bdi>. <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ProQuest\" title=\"ProQuest\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ProQuest<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/17931170\" target=\"_new\">17931170<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Formation+and+breakdown+of+Acanthaster+planci+aggregations+in+the+Red+Sea&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Symposium+on+Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.pages=595-620&amp;rft.pub=Great+Barrier+Reef+Committee&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-909377-00-7&amp;rft.aulast=Ormond&amp;rft.aufirst=Rupert+F.+G.&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+Andrew+C.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-39\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180802223434\/http:\/\/www.reefresilience.org\/coral-reefs\/stressors\/predator-outbreaks\/crown-of-thorns-starfish\/\" target=\"_new\">\"COTS predators\"<\/a>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reefresilience.org\/coral-reefs\/stressors\/predator-outbreaks\/crown-of-thorns-starfish\/\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2018-08-02<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2018-08-02<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=COTS+predators&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefresilience.org%2Fcoral-reefs%2Fstressors%2Fpredator-outbreaks%2Fcrown-of-thorns-starfish%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-40\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPowell1979\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Powell, G (1979). \"Stars for kings\". <i>Sea Frontiers<\/i>. <b>25<\/b> (5): <span class=\"nowrap\">282\u2013<\/span>285.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sea+Frontiers&amp;rft.atitle=Stars+for+kings&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=282-285&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.aulast=Powell&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Glynn&#95;1981-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Glynn_1981_41-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Glynn_1981_41-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGlynn1982\" class=\"citation conference cs1\">Glynn PW (1982). <span class=\"id-lock-registration\" title=\"Free registration required\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reefbase.org\/resource_center\/publication\/pub_2716.aspx\" target=\"_new\">\"Acanthaster population regulation by a shrimp and a worm\"<\/a><\/span>. In Gomez ED, Birkeland CE, Buddemeier RW, Johannes RE, Marsh Jr JA, Tsuda RT (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 1981. Vol. 2<\/i>. International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila (Philippines), 18\u201322 May 1981. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">607\u2013<\/span>612. <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ProQuest\" title=\"ProQuest\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ProQuest<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/13786745\" target=\"_new\">13786745<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=Acanthaster+population+regulation+by+a+shrimp+and+a+worm&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Coral+Reef+Symposium%2C+1981.+Vol.+2&amp;rft.pages=607-612&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.aulast=Glynn&amp;rft.aufirst=PW&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefbase.org%2Fresource&#95;center%2Fpublication%2Fpub&#95;2716.aspx&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Glynn&#95;1984-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Glynn_1984_42-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Glynn_1984_42-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGlynn1984\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Glynn, Peter W. (1 July 1984). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/1984\/00000035\/00000001\/art00006\" target=\"_new\">\"An Amphinomid Worm Predator of the Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star and General Predation on Asteroids in Eastern and Western Pacific Coral Reefs\"<\/a>. <i>Bulletin of Marine Science<\/i>. <b>35<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">54\u2013<\/span>71.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=An+Amphinomid+Worm+Predator+of+the+Crown-of-Thorns+Sea+Star+and+General+Predation+on+Asteroids+in+Eastern+and+Western+Pacific+Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=54-71&amp;rft.date=1984-07-01&amp;rft.aulast=Glynn&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fumrsmas%2Fbullmar%2F1984%2F00000035%2F00000001%2Fart00006&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas1990needed_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, pp.&#160;needed.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBosGumanaoSalac2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bos, A. R.; Gumanao, G. S.; Salac, F. N. (2008). \"A newly discovered predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish\". <i>Coral Reefs<\/i>. <b>27<\/b> (3): 581. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2008CorRe..27..581B\" target=\"_new\">2008CorRe..27..581B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0364-9\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s00338-008-0364-9<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:34920961\" target=\"_new\">34920961<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.atitle=A+newly+discovered+predator+of+the+crown-of-thorns+starfish&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=581&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34920961%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0364-9&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CorRe..27..581B&amp;rft.aulast=Bos&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+R.&amp;rft.au=Gumanao%2C+G.+S.&amp;rft.au=Salac%2C+F.+N.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-45\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBos&#95;ARB&#95;MuellerGS&#95;Gumanao2011\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bos AR; B Mueller; GS Gumanao (2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230851873\" target=\"_new\">\"Feeding biology and symbiotic relationships of the Corallimorpharian <i>Paracorynactis hoplites<\/i> (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)\"<\/a>. <i>The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology<\/i>. <b>59<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">245\u2013<\/span>250.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Raffles+Bulletin+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Feeding+biology+and+symbiotic+relationships+of+the+Corallimorpharian+Paracorynactis+hoplites+%28Anthozoa%3A+Hexacorallia%29&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=245-250&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.au=Bos+AR&amp;rft.au=B+Mueller&amp;rft.au=GS+Gumanao&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230851873&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199063-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199063_46-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, p.&#160;63.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Bos&#95;et&#95;al.&#95;2012-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bos_et_al._2012_47-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bos_et_al._2012_47-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bos_et_al._2012_47-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bos_et_al._2012_47-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBosGumanaoMuellerSaceda-Cardoza2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bos, Arthur R.; Gumanao, Girley S.; Mueller, Benjamin; Saceda-Cardoza, Marjho M.E. (2013). \"Management of crown-of-thorns sea star (Acanthaster planci L.) outbreaks: Removal success depends on reef topography and timing within the reproduction cycle\". <i>Ocean &amp; Coastal Management<\/i>. <b>71<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">116\u2013<\/span>22. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013OCM....71..116B\" target=\"_new\">2013OCM....71..116B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ocecoaman.2012.09.011\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2012.09.011<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ocean+%26+Coastal+Management&amp;rft.atitle=Management+of+crown-of-thorns+sea+star+%28Acanthaster+planci+L.%29+outbreaks%3A+Removal+success+depends+on+reef+topography+and+timing+within+the+reproduction+cycle&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.pages=116-22&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ocecoaman.2012.09.011&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013OCM....71..116B&amp;rft.aulast=Bos&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+R.&amp;rft.au=Gumanao%2C+Girley+S.&amp;rft.au=Mueller%2C+Benjamin&amp;rft.au=Saceda-Cardoza%2C+Marjho+M.E.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBabcock,&#95;R&#95;CMundy,&#95;C&#95;NEngelhardt,&#95;ULassig,&#95;B.1993\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Babcock, R C; Mundy, C N; Engelhardt, U; Lassig, B. 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(2014). \"Spawning observation of Acanthaster planci in the Gulf of Thailand\". <i>Marine Biodiversity<\/i>. <b>45<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\">621\u2013<\/span>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs12526-014-0300-x\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s12526-014-0300-x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:33626561\" target=\"_new\">33626561<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Biodiversity&amp;rft.atitle=Spawning+observation+of+Acanthaster+planci+in+the+Gulf+of+Thailand&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=621-2&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12526-014-0300-x&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33626561%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Mehrotra%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Urgell%2C+P.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-50\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFUthickeFisherPatelDiaz-Guijarro2019\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Uthicke, Sven; Fisher, Eric E.; Patel, Frances; Diaz-Guijarro, Beatriz; Doyle, Jason R.; Messmer, Vanessa; Pratchett, Morgan S. 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(2019-12-14). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fmec.15332\" target=\"_new\">\"Non-specific expression of fertilization genes in the crown-of-thorns Acanthaster cf. solaris&#160;: unexpected evidence of hermaphroditism in a coral reef predator\"<\/a>. <i>Molecular Ecology<\/i>. <b>29<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">363\u2013<\/span>379. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fmec.15332\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/mec.15332<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0962-1083\" target=\"_new\">0962-1083<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31837059\" target=\"_new\">31837059<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Non-specific+expression+of+fertilization+genes+in+the+crown-of-thorns+Acanthaster+cf.+solaris+%3A+unexpected+evidence+of+hermaphroditism+in+a+coral+reef+predator&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=363-379&amp;rft.date=2019-12-14&amp;rft.issn=0962-1083&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F31837059&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmec.15332&amp;rft.aulast=Guerra&amp;rft.aufirst=Vanessa&amp;rft.au=Haynes%2C+Gwilym&amp;rft.au=Byrne%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Yasuda%2C+Nina&amp;rft.au=Adachi%2C+Souta&amp;rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Masako&amp;rft.au=Nakachi%2C+Shu&amp;rft.au=Hart%2C+Michael+W.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fmec.15332&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHendersonLucas1971\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Henderson JA, Lucas JS (1971). \"Larval development and metamorphosis of Acanthaster planci (Asteroidea)\". <i>Nature<\/i>. <b>232<\/b> (5313): <span class=\"nowrap\">655\u2013<\/span>657. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1971Natur.232..655H\" target=\"_new\">1971Natur.232..655H<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F232655a0\" target=\"_new\">10.1038\/232655a0<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16063148\" target=\"_new\">16063148<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4156996\" target=\"_new\">4156996<\/a>.<\/cite><span 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rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLucas1973\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lucas, John (1973). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.micronesica.org\/sites\/default\/files\/reproductive_and_larval_biology_of_acanthaster_planci_l._in_great_barrier_reef_waters.-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Reproductive and larval biology and <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i> (L.) in Great Barrier Reef Waters\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Micronesica<\/i>. <b>9<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">197\u2013<\/span>203.<\/cite><span 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New York: Academic Press. p.&#160;369.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Early+life+histories+of+coral+reef+asteroids%2C+with+special+reference+to+Acanthaster+planci%28L.%29&amp;rft.btitle=Biology+and+Geology+of+Coral+Reefs+Vol.+2&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=369&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+M.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-55\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLucas1984\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lucas JS (1984). \"Growth, maturation and effects of diet in <i>Acanthaster planc<\/i>i (L.) 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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Qld, Australia.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Life+history+characteristics+of+Acanthaster+planci+%28L.%29+populations%2C+potential+clues+to+causes+of+outbreaks&amp;rft.pub=Great+Barrier+Reef+Marine+Park+Authority%2C+Townsville%2C+Qld%2C+Australia&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.au=Stump%2C+R.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-58\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKeesingHalford1992\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Keesing JK, Halford AR (1992). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps085107\" target=\"_new\">\"Field measurement of survival rates of juvenile Acanthaster planci&#160;: Techniques and preliminary results\"<\/a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/i>. <b>85<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>2): <span class=\"nowrap\">107\u2013<\/span>114. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1992MEPS...85..107K\" target=\"_new\">1992MEPS...85..107K<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps085107\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/meps085107<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Field+measurement+of+survival+rates+of+juvenile+Acanthaster+planci+%3A+Techniques+and+preliminary+results&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=107-114&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps085107&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992MEPS...85..107K&amp;rft.aulast=Keesing&amp;rft.aufirst=JK&amp;rft.au=Halford%2C+AR&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps085107&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPratchettUthicke2017\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Pratchett, Morgan; Uthicke, Sven (2017). <i>Biology, Ecology and Management of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish<\/i>. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI Books. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fbooks978-3-03842-603-5\" target=\"_new\">10.3390\/books978-3-03842-603-5<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-3-03842-603-5<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology%2C+Ecology+and+Management+of+Crown-of-Thorns+Starfish&amp;rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&amp;rft.pub=MDPI+Books&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbooks978-3-03842-603-5&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-03842-603-5&amp;rft.aulast=Pratchett&amp;rft.aufirst=Morgan&amp;rft.au=Uthicke%2C+Sven&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFEndean1974\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Endean, R (1974). <i>Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs. Vol. 1<\/i>. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane (Australia). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-909377-00-7<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Symposium+on+Coral+Reefs.+Vol.+1&amp;rft.pub=The+Great+Barrier+Reef+Committee%2C+Brisbane+%28Australia%29&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-909377-00-7&amp;rft.aulast=Endean&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJames1976\" class=\"citation book cs1\">James, Peter (1976). <i>Requiem for the Reef: The Story of Official Distortion about the Crown-of-thorns Starfish<\/i>. Foundation Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-9597383-0-8<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Requiem+for+the+Reef%3A+The+Story+of+Official+Distortion+about+the+Crown-of-thorns+Starfish&amp;rft.pub=Foundation+Press&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9597383-0-8&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-62\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation audio-visual cs1\">Larry Zetlin (2004). <i>Predators of the Great Barrier Reef<\/i> (TV-Special). Queensland, Australia: Gulliver Media Australia.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Predators+of+the+Great+Barrier+Reef&amp;rft.place=Queensland%2C+Australia&amp;rft.pub=Gulliver+Media+Australia&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-63\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilson,&#95;Shaun&#95;KGraham,&#95;Nicholas&#95;AJPratchett,&#95;Morgan&#95;SJones,&#95;Geoffrey&#95;P2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Wilson, Shaun K; Graham, Nicholas AJ; Pratchett, Morgan S; Jones, Geoffrey P; Polunin, Nicholas VC (2006). \"Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs: are reef fishes at risk or resilient?\". <i>Global Change Biology<\/i>. <b>12<\/b> (11): <span class=\"nowrap\">2220\u2013<\/span>2234. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2006GCBio..12.2220W\" target=\"_new\">2006GCBio..12.2220W<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2006.01252.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01252.x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:59933337\" target=\"_new\">59933337<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Multiple+disturbances+and+the+global+degradation+of+coral+reefs%3A+are+reef+fishes+at+risk+or+resilient%3F&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2220-2234&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59933337%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2006.01252.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GCBio..12.2220W&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+Shaun+K&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C+Nicholas+AJ&amp;rft.au=Pratchett%2C+Morgan+S&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Geoffrey+P&amp;rft.au=Polunin%2C+Nicholas+VC&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilson,&#95;S&#95;KDolman,&#95;A&#95;MCheal,&#95;A&#95;JEmslie,&#95;MJ&#95;Pratchett2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Wilson, S K; Dolman, A M; Cheal, A J; Emslie, MJ Pratchett; et&#160;al. (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0431-2\" target=\"_new\">\"Maintenance of fish diversity on disturbed coral reefs\"<\/a>. <i>Coral Reefs<\/i>. <b>28<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">3\u2013<\/span>14. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009CorRe..28....3W\" target=\"_new\">2009CorRe..28....3W<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0431-2\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s00338-008-0431-2<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.atitle=Maintenance+of+fish+diversity+on+disturbed+coral+reefs&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=3-14&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0431-2&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009CorRe..28....3W&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+S+K&amp;rft.au=Dolman%2C+A+M&amp;rft.au=Cheal%2C+A+J&amp;rft.au=Emslie%2C+MJ+Pratchett&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00338-008-0431-2&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199036\u201340-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199036\u201340_65-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, pp.&#160;36\u201340.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038_66-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirkelandLucas199038_66-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\">Birkeland &amp; Lucas (1990)<\/a>, p.&#160;38.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFEndean1974\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Endean, R (1974). <i>Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs. Vol. 1<\/i>. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane (Australia). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-909377-00-7<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Symposium+on+Coral+Reefs.+Vol.+1&amp;rft.pub=The+Great+Barrier+Reef+Committee%2C+Brisbane+%28Australia%29&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-909377-00-7&amp;rft.aulast=Endean&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-68\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFEndean,&#95;RStablum,&#95;W1973\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Endean, R; Stablum, W (1973). \"A study of some aspects of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) infestation of reefs of Australia is Great Barrier Reef\". <i>Atoll Research Bulletin<\/i>. <b>167<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>62. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5479%2Fsi.00775630.167.1\" target=\"_new\">10.5479\/si.00775630.167.1<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Atoll+Research+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=A+study+of+some+aspects+of+the+crown-of-thorns+starfish+%28Acanthaster+planci%29+infestation+of+reefs+of+Australia+is+Great+Barrier+Reef.&amp;rft.volume=167&amp;rft.pages=1-62&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00775630.167.1&amp;rft.au=Endean%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Stablum%2C+W&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKenchington1978\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kenchington, R (1978). \"The crown-of-thorns crisis in Australia: A retrospective analysis\". <i>Environmental Conservation<\/i>. <b>5<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">11\u2013<\/span>20. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1978EnvCo...5...11K\" target=\"_new\">1978EnvCo...5...11K<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2Fs0376892900005191\" target=\"_new\">10.1017\/s0376892900005191<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:86566114\" target=\"_new\">86566114<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=The+crown-of-thorns+crisis+in+Australia%3A+A+retrospective+analysis&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=11-20&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86566114%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0376892900005191&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978EnvCo...5...11K&amp;rft.aulast=Kenchington&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-70\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJames1976\" class=\"citation book cs1\">James, Peter (1976). <i>Requiem for the Reef: The Story of Official Distortion about the Crown-of-thorns Starfish<\/i>. Foundation Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-9597383-0-8<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Requiem+for+the+Reef%3A+The+Story+of+Official+Distortion+about+the+Crown-of-thorns+Starfish&amp;rft.pub=Foundation+Press&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9597383-0-8&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBrownWilley1972\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Brown, Theo; Willey, Keith (1972). <i>Crown of Thorns: The Death of the Great Barrier Reef?<\/i>. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-207-12390-0<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Crown+of+Thorns%3A+The+Death+of+the+Great+Barrier+Reef%3F&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pub=Angus+and+Robertson&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-207-12390-0&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Theo&amp;rft.au=Willey%2C+Keith&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)\">page&#160;needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFReichelt,&#95;R&#95;EBradbury,&#95;R&#95;HMoran,&#95;P&#95;J.1990\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Reichelt, R E; Bradbury, R H; Moran, P J. (1990). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0895-7177%2890%2990008-b\" target=\"_new\">\"The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, on the Great Barrier Reef\"<\/a>. <i>Mathematical and Computer Modelling<\/i>. <b>13<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">45\u2013<\/span>60. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0895-7177%2890%2990008-b\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/0895-7177(90)90008-b<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mathematical+and+Computer+Modelling&amp;rft.atitle=The+crown-of-thorns+starfish%2C+Acanthaster+planci%2C+on+the+Great+Barrier+Reef.&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=45-60&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0895-7177%2890%2990008-b&amp;rft.au=Reichelt%2C+R+E&amp;rft.au=Bradbury%2C+R+H&amp;rft.au=Moran%2C+P+J.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0895-7177%252890%252990008-b&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFScandol,&#95;J&#95;P.1999\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Scandol, J P. (December 1999). \"CotSim--an interactive Acanthaster planci metapopulation model for the central Great Barrier Reef\". <i>Marine Models Online<\/i>. <b><span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>4<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>4): <span class=\"nowrap\">39\u2013<\/span>81. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0079-6611%2899%2900003-8\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0079-6611(99)00003-8<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Models+Online&amp;rft.atitle=CotSim--an+interactive+Acanthaster+planci+metapopulation+model+for+the+central+Great+Barrier+Reef&amp;rft.volume=1-4&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&amp;rft.pages=39-81&amp;rft.date=1999-12&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6611%2899%2900003-8&amp;rft.au=Scandol%2C+J+P.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-74\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRaymond1986\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Raymond, Robert (1986). <i>Starfish Wars: Coral Death and the Crown-of-Thorns<\/i>. Melbourne: Macmillan. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-333-43015-6<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Starfish+Wars%3A+Coral+Death+and+the+Crown-of-Thorns&amp;rft.place=Melbourne&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-333-43015-6&amp;rft.aulast=Raymond&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Endean-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Endean_75-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Endean_75-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFEndean,&#95;RCameron,&#95;A&#95;M1985\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Endean, R; Cameron, A M (1985). \"Ecocatastrophe on the great Barrier Reef\". <i>Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress, Tahiti 27 May - 1 June 1985, Vol. 5: Miscellaneous papers (A)<\/i>. Moorea (French Polynesia): Antenne Museum - <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes\" title=\"\u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">\u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes<\/a>. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">309\u2013<\/span>314.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ecocatastrophe+on+the+great+Barrier+Reef&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+fifth+international+coral+reef+congress%2C+Tahiti+27+May+-+1+June+1985%2C+Vol.+5%3A+Miscellaneous+papers+%28A%29&amp;rft.place=Moorea+%28French+Polynesia%29&amp;rft.pages=309-314&amp;rft.pub=Antenne+Museum+-+%C3%89cole+pratique+des+hautes+%C3%A9tudes&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.au=Endean%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Cameron%2C+A+M&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><i>Starfish Wars<\/i> (the name is a play on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Wars\" title=\"Star Wars\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Star Wars<\/a>), 1986 Melbourne, Robert Raymond<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-77\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFVicente1999\" class=\"citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source\">Vicente, Nardo (December 1999). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/issuu.com\/institut-embiez\/docs\/oceanorama_n___30\" target=\"_new\">\"Tr\u00e9sors naturels sous haute pression\"<\/a> [Natural treasures under heavy pressure]. <i>Oceanorama<\/i> (in French). No.&#160;30. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">7\u2013<\/span>12.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oceanorama&amp;rft.atitle=Tr%C3%A9sors+naturels+sous+haute+pression&amp;rft.issue=30&amp;rft.pages=7-12&amp;rft.date=1999-12&amp;rft.aulast=Vicente&amp;rft.aufirst=Nardo&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Finstitut-embiez%2Fdocs%2Foceanorama&#95;n&#95;&#95;&#95;30&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-78\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBradbury1991\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bradbury, R. H. (1991). \"UNDERSTANDING <i>ACANTH\u00c1STER<\/i>\". <i>Coenoses<\/i>. <b>6<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">121\u2013<\/span>126. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">JSTOR<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43461274\" target=\"_new\">43461274<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Coenoses&amp;rft.atitle=UNDERSTANDING+ACANTH%C3%81STER&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=121-126&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43461274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Bradbury&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+H.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFUthickeLoganLiddyFrancis2015\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Uthicke, S.; Logan, M.; Liddy, M.; Francis, D.; Hardy, N.; Lamare, M. 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Lucas (1971). \"Larval development and metamorphosis of Acanthaster planci (Asteroidea)\". <i>Nature<\/i>. <b>232<\/b> (5313): <span class=\"nowrap\">655\u2013<\/span>657. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1971Natur.232..655H\" target=\"_new\">1971Natur.232..655H<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F232655a0\" target=\"_new\">10.1038\/232655a0<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16063148\" target=\"_new\">16063148<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4156996\" target=\"_new\">4156996<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Larval+development+and+metamorphosis+of+Acanthaster+planci+%28Asteroidea%29&amp;rft.volume=232&amp;rft.issue=5313&amp;rft.pages=655-657&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F232655a0&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4156996%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F16063148&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971Natur.232..655H&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+JA&amp;rft.au=Lucas&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-86\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLucas1982\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lucas, J (1982). \"Quantitative studies of feeding and nutrition during larval development of the coral reef asteroid 'Acanthaster planci' (L.)\". <i>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology<\/i>. <b>65<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">173\u2013<\/span>194. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1982JEMBE..65..173L\" target=\"_new\">1982JEMBE..65..173L<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0022-0981%2882%2990043-0\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/0022-0981(82)90043-0<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Quantitative+studies+of+feeding+and+nutrition+during+larval+development+of+the+coral+reef+asteroid+%27Acanthaster+planci%27+%28L.%29.&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=173-194&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-0981%2882%2990043-0&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JEMBE..65..173L&amp;rft.aulast=Lucas&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBirkeland1982\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Birkeland, C. (1982). \"Terrestrial runoff as a cause of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)\". <i>Marine Biology<\/i>. <b>69<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">175\u2013<\/span>185. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1982MarBi..69..175B\" target=\"_new\">1982MarBi..69..175B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fbf00396897\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/bf00396897<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:85130293\" target=\"_new\">85130293<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Terrestrial+runoff+as+a+cause+of+outbreaks+of+Acanthaster+planci+%28Echinodermata%3A+Asteroidea%29.&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=175-185&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85130293%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00396897&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982MarBi..69..175B&amp;rft.aulast=Birkeland&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-ReferenceA-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ReferenceA_88-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ReferenceA_88-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWolfeGraba-LandryDworjanynByrne2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Wolfe, Kennedy; Graba-Landry, Alexia; Dworjanyn, Symon A.; Byrne, Maria (2017). \"Superstars: Assessing nutrient thresholds for enhanced larval success of <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>, a review of the evidence\". <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin<\/i>. <b>116<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>2): <span class=\"nowrap\">307\u2013<\/span>314. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017MarPB.116..307W\" target=\"_new\">2017MarPB.116..307W<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2016.12.079\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.12.079<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28094041\" target=\"_new\">28094041<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Superstars%3A+Assessing+nutrient+thresholds+for+enhanced+larval+success+of+Acanthaster+planci%2C+a+review+of+the+evidence&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=307-314&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F28094041&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2016.12.079&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017MarPB.116..307W&amp;rft.aulast=Wolfe&amp;rft.aufirst=Kennedy&amp;rft.au=Graba-Landry%2C+Alexia&amp;rft.au=Dworjanyn%2C+Symon+A.&amp;rft.au=Byrne%2C+Maria&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-89\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBrodieFabriciusDe&#39;AthOkaji2005\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Brodie, Jon; Fabricius, Katharina; De'Ath, Glenn; Okaji, Ken (2005). \"Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish? An appraisal of the evidence\". <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin<\/i>. <b>51<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>4): <span class=\"nowrap\">266\u2013<\/span>78. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2005MarPB..51..266B\" target=\"_new\">2005MarPB..51..266B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.10.035\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.10.035<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15757727\" target=\"_new\">15757727<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Are+increased+nutrient+inputs+responsible+for+more+outbreaks+of+crown-of-thorns+starfish%3F+An+appraisal+of+the+evidence&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&amp;rft.pages=266-78&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F15757727&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2004.10.035&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MarPB..51..266B&amp;rft.aulast=Brodie&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft.au=Fabricius%2C+Katharina&amp;rft.au=De%27Ath%2C+Glenn&amp;rft.au=Okaji%2C+Ken&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-90\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFabriciusOkajiDe&#39;Ath2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Fabricius, K. E.; Okaji, K.; De'Ath, G. (2010). \"Three lines of evidence to link outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns seastar Acanthaster planci to the release of larval food limitation\". <i>Coral Reefs<\/i>. <b>29<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">593\u2013<\/span>605. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010CorRe..29..593F\" target=\"_new\">2010CorRe..29..593F<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs00338-010-0628-z\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s00338-010-0628-z<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:1469117\" target=\"_new\">1469117<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.atitle=Three+lines+of+evidence+to+link+outbreaks+of+the+crown-of-thorns+seastar+Acanthaster+planci+to+the+release+of+larval+food+limitation&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=593-605&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1469117%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00338-010-0628-z&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010CorRe..29..593F&amp;rft.aulast=Fabricius&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+E.&amp;rft.au=Okaji%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=De%27Ath%2C+G.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-91\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKaufmanGoodfriendKohler-GarriganWalker2002\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kaufman, MG; Goodfriend, W; Kohler-Garrigan, A; Walker, ED; Klug, MJ (2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fame029073\" target=\"_new\">\"Soluble nutrient effects on microbial communities and mosquito production in Ochlerotatus triseriatus habitats\"<\/a>. <i>Aquatic Microbial Ecology<\/i>. <b>29<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">73\u2013<\/span>88. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fame029073\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/ame029073<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Microbial+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Soluble+nutrient+effects+on+microbial+communities+and+mosquito+production+in+Ochlerotatus+triseriatus+habitats&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=73-88&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fame029073&amp;rft.aulast=Kaufman&amp;rft.aufirst=MG&amp;rft.au=Goodfriend%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Kohler-Garrigan%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+ED&amp;rft.au=Klug%2C+MJ&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fame029073&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-92\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFOlson1987\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Olson, Richard Randolph (1987). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319%2Flo.1987.32.4.0895\" target=\"_new\">\"In situ culturing as a test of the larval starvation hypothesis for the crown-of-thoms starfish, <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>Limnology and Oceanography<\/i>. <b>32<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\">895\u2013<\/span>904. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1987LimOc..32..895O\" target=\"_new\">1987LimOc..32..895O<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319%2Flo.1987.32.4.0895\" target=\"_new\">10.4319\/lo.1987.32.4.0895<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&amp;rft.atitle=In+situ+culturing+as+a+test+of+the+larval+starvation+hypothesis+for+the+crown-of-thoms+starfish%2C+Acanthaster+planci&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=895-904&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1987.32.4.0895&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987LimOc..32..895O&amp;rft.aulast=Olson&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+Randolph&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4319%252Flo.1987.32.4.0895&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-kill-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-kill_93-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.today\/20130102070321\/http:\/\/news.blogs.cnn.com\/2012\/10\/02\/scientists-to-save-great-barrier-reef-kill-starfish\/?hpt=hp_t3\" target=\"_new\">Scientists: To save Great Barrier Reef, kill starfish<\/a>. <i>CNN News<\/i>. October 2, 2012<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-CRC-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-CRC_94-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CRC_94-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081012112935\/http:\/\/www.reef.crc.org.au\/publications\/explore\/feat45.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Controlling Crown-of Thorns Starfish\"<\/a>. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. April 1995. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reef.crc.org.au\/publications\/explore\/feat45.html\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 12 October 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 December<\/span> 2008<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Controlling+Crown-of+Thorns+Starfish&amp;rft.pub=Great+Barrier+Reef+Marine+Park+Authority&amp;rft.date=1995-04&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reef.crc.org.au%2Fpublications%2Fexplore%2Ffeat45.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCalderwoodRoe2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Calderwood, Kathleen; Roe, Isobel (2015-09-23). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2015-09-23\/household-vinegar-advances-fight-against-crown-thorns-starfish\/6797776\" target=\"_new\">\"Household vinegar advances the fight against crown of thorns starfish threat on Great Barrier Reef\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABC_News_(Australia)\" title=\"ABC News (Australia)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ABC News<\/a><\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 March<\/span> 2016<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Household+vinegar+advances+the+fight+against+crown+of+thorns+starfish+threat+on+Great+Barrier+Reef&amp;rft.date=2015-09-23&amp;rft.aulast=Calderwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft.au=Roe%2C+Isobel&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-09-23%2Fhousehold-vinegar-advances-fight-against-crown-thorns-starfish%2F6797776&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:0-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_96-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKelly2019\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Kelly, John (June 23, 2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/local\/dc-area-scuba-divers-dig-out-their-old-snorkels-and-fins-to-combat-a-coral-eater\/2019\/06\/23\/19a00786-8e17-11e9-8f69-a2795fca3343_story.html\" target=\"_new\">\"D.C.-area scuba divers dig out their old snorkels and fins to combat a coral eater\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">The Washington Post<\/a><\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,<\/span> 2023<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=D.C.-area+scuba+divers+dig+out+their+old+snorkels+and+fins+to+combat+a+coral+eater&amp;rft.date=2019-06-23&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fdc-area-scuba-divers-dig-out-their-old-snorkels-and-fins-to-combat-a-coral-eater%2F2019%2F06%2F23%2F19a00786-8e17-11e9-8f69-a2795fca3343&#95;story.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-97\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRivera-PosadaPratchettCano-GomezArango-Gomez2011\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Rivera-Posada, J.A.; Pratchett, M.; Cano-Gomez, A.; Arango-Gomez, J.D.; Owens, L. (December 6, 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fdao02401\" target=\"_new\">\"Injection of <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i> with thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar (TCBS). I. Disease induction\"<\/a>. <i>Diseases of Aquatic Organisms<\/i>. <b>97<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">85\u2013<\/span>95. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fdao02401\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/dao02401<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22303625\" target=\"_new\">22303625<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Diseases+of+Aquatic+Organisms&amp;rft.atitle=Injection+of+Acanthaster+planci+with+thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose+agar+%28TCBS%29.+I.+Disease+induction&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=85-95&amp;rft.date=2011-12-06&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fdao02401&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F22303625&amp;rft.aulast=Rivera-Posada&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.&amp;rft.au=Pratchett%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Cano-Gomez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Arango-Gomez%2C+J.D.&amp;rft.au=Owens%2C+L.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fdao02401&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMcLeish2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">McLeish, Kathy (31 August 2015). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2015-08-31\/cotsbot-hope-new-robot-will-stop-crown-of-thorns-starfish\/6738320\" target=\"_new\">\"New robot aims to terminate crown-of-thorns starfish threatening reef\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABC_News_(Australia)\" title=\"ABC News (Australia)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ABC News<\/a><\/i>. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201108120659\/https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2015-08-31\/cotsbot-hope-new-robot-will-stop-crown-of-thorns-starfish\/6738320?nw=0\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 September<\/span> 2021<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=New+robot+aims+to+terminate+crown-of-thorns+starfish+threatening+reef&amp;rft.date=2015-08-31&amp;rft.aulast=McLeish&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathy&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-08-31%2Fcotsbot-hope-new-robot-will-stop-crown-of-thorns-starfish%2F6738320&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-99\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Espiner, Tom <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-34129490\" target=\"_new\">Starfish-killing robot close to trials on Great Barrier Reef<\/a> <i>BBC News<\/i>. September 4, 2015<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-100\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Griggs, Mary Beth <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.popsci.com\/robot-kills-starfish-released-on-australian-reefs\" target=\"_new\">Robot Designed To Kill Starfish Will Be Released On Australian Reefs<\/a> <i>Popular Science<\/i>. September 4, 2015<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-101\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gizmag.com\/aquatic-robot-autonomous-killer-starfish-barrier-reef\/39254\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Aquatic robot seeks and destroys reef-killing starfish\"<\/a>. 2015-09-07<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 March<\/span> 2016<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Aquatic+robot+seeks+and+destroys+reef-killing+starfish&amp;rft.date=2015-09-07&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Faquatic-robot-autonomous-killer-starfish-barrier-reef%2F39254%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMuhammad&#95;SafirNovalina&#95;SerdiatiKasim&#95;MansyurFadly&#95;Y.&#95;Tantu2022\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Muhammad Safir; Novalina Serdiati; Kasim Mansyur; Fadly Y. Tantu; Billy Sabillah (2022). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ojs.uho.ac.id\/index.php\/JMA\/article\/download\/28133\/16954\" target=\"_new\">\"Evaluation of crown-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) flour as a candidate of feed ingredient for shrimp vannamei (Litopeneus vannamei)\"<\/a>. <i>Media Akuatika<\/i>. <b>7<\/b> (4). Halu Oleo University: <span class=\"nowrap\">170\u2013<\/span>8. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2503-4324\" target=\"_new\">2503-4324<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Media+Akuatika&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+crown-thorns+starfish+%28Acanthaster+planci%29+flour+as+a+candidate+of+feed+ingredient+for+shrimp+vannamei+%28Litopeneus+vannamei%29&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=170-8&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.issn=2503-4324&amp;rft.au=Muhammad+Safir&amp;rft.au=Novalina+Serdiati&amp;rft.au=Kasim+Mansyur&amp;rft.au=Fadly+Y.+Tantu&amp;rft.au=Billy+Sabillah&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.uho.ac.id%2Findex.php%2FJMA%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F28133%2F16954&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Further_reading\">Further reading<\/h2><\/div>\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBirkelandLucas1990\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Birkeland, C.; Lucas, J.S. (1990). <i>Acanthaster planci: Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs<\/i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-8493-6599-7<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Acanthaster+planci%3A+Major+Management+Problem+of+Coral+Reefs&amp;rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-6599-7&amp;rft.aulast=Birkeland&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Lucas%2C+J.S.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown-of-thorns+starfish\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/biophysics.sbg.ac.at\/planci\/planci.htm\" target=\"_new\">An overview of the crown-of-thorns starfish as observed on the Great Barrier Reef<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<p><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers4909\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers4909\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Acanthaster planci<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q26634\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q26634\" target=\"_new\">Q26634<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Acanthaster_planci\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Acanthaster planci\" target=\"_new\">Acanthaster planci<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Acanthaster_planci\/\" target=\"_new\">Acanthaster_planci<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Acanthaster_planci\" target=\"_new\">Acanthaster_planci<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">BioLib: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biolib.cz\/en\/taxon\/id422188\" target=\"_new\">422188<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24640\" target=\"_new\">24640<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/8TF2\" target=\"_new\">8TF2<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/598484\" target=\"_new\">598484<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2271208\" target=\"_new\">2271208<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Invasive_Species_Database\" title=\"Global Invasive Species Database\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GISD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucngisd.org\/gisd\/species.php?sc=1043\" target=\"_new\">1043<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/50915\" target=\"_new\">50915<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11384643\" target=\"_new\">11384643<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasive_Species_Compendium\" title=\"Invasive Species Compendium\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ISC<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/datasheet\/109203\" target=\"_new\">109203<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=157194\" target=\"_new\">157194<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/133434\/\" target=\"_new\">133434<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">NZOR: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nzor.org.nz\/names\/6cdc5489-6327-480d-a962-7122ba1ab2c3\" target=\"_new\">6cdc5489-6327-480d-a962-7122ba1ab2c3<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/211540\/\" target=\"_new\">211540<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/213289\" target=\"_new\">213289<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=926817\" target=\"_new\">926817<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleobiology_Database\" title=\"Paleobiology Database\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Paleobiology Database<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/paleobiodb.org\/classic\/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=100993\" target=\"_new\">100993<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SeaLifeBase\" title=\"SeaLifeBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">SeaLifeBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sealifebase.ca\/Summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?id=48649\" target=\"_new\">48649<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0057526\" target=\"_new\">t0057526<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=213289\" target=\"_new\">213289<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Asterias planci<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q59326106\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q59326106\" target=\"_new\">Q59326106<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/HRLS\" target=\"_new\">HRLS<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/5186749\" target=\"_new\">5186749<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10951905\" target=\"_new\">10951905<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=991180\" target=\"_new\">991180<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=216165\" target=\"_new\">216165<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064\" \/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1353707246\" \/><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-labelledby=\"Authority&#95;control&#95;databases&#95;frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q26634#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata967\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Authority&#95;control&#95;databases&#95;frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q26634#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata967\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Authority control databases<\/a> <span class=\"mw-valign-text-top noprint\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Frameless\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q26634#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">International<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4255539-5\" target=\"_new\">GND<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">National<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Crown-of-thorns starfish\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh88021497\" target=\"_new\">United States<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/id.ndl.go.jp\/auth\/ndlna\/01030270\" target=\"_new\">Japan<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007546575805171\" target=\"_new\">Israel<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/bac9d3e1-024b-4301-b913-952718ce45bb\" target=\"_new\">Yale LUX<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.codfw.main\u201054ffd8c7c5\u20105xd4h\nCached time: 20260611234545\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Citation\/CS1 (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, prevent\u2010selective\u2010update, show\u2010toc]\nCPU time usage: 1.273 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.444 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 11533\/1000000\nRevision size: 78373\/2097152 bytes\nPost\u2010expand include size: 250184\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 11886\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 30\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand 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Rendering was triggered because: diff-page\n -->\n<\/div><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start 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class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Crown-of-thorns starfish<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article 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