{"id":365,"date":"2019-11-04T12:02:34","date_gmt":"2019-11-04T12:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=365"},"modified":"2020-06-04T05:28:10","modified_gmt":"2020-06-04T05:28:10","slug":"flower-urchin","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/flower-urchin\/","title":{"rendered":"Flower urchin"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Taxonomy\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Taxonomy<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Distribution_and_habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Distribution and habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology_and_behavior\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Ecology_and_behavior\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Ecology and behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Ecology and behavior subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Associated_species\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Associated_species\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Associated species<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Associated_species-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Reproduction\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Reproduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>\"Covering\" behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relation_to_humans\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Relation_to_humans\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Relation to humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Relation to humans subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Venom\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Venom\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Venom<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Venom-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Effects_on_humans\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Effects_on_humans\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.1.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Effects on humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Effects_on_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Edibility\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Edibility\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Edibility<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Edibility-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Other_uses\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Other_uses\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Other uses<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Other_uses-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\"  aria-label=\"11 languages\" aria-description=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">11 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blomseekastaiing\" title=\"Blomseekastaiing \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Blomseekastaiing\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86\" title=\"\u062a\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0646 \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u062a\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0646\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Galician\" lang=\"gl\" hreflang=\"gl\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Galego\" data-language-local-name=\"Galician\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Galego<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99\" title=\"\u05d0\u05e8\u05e1\u05df-\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05d0\u05e8\u05e1\u05df-\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vir%C3%A1gos_tengeris%C3%BCn\" title=\"Vir\u00e1gos tengeris\u00fcn \u2013 Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" data-title=\"Vir\u00e1gos tengeris\u00fcn\" data-language-autonym=\"Magyar\" data-language-local-name=\"Hungarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Magyar<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8B\" title=\"\u30e9\u30c3\u30d1\u30a6\u30cb \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30e9\u30c3\u30d1\u30a6\u30cb\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\">Edit links<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-left-navigation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Namespaces\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-associated-pages\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected mw-list-item vector-tab-noicon\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"View the content page [c]\" accesskey=\"c\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Article<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-tab-noicon\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Toxopneustes_pileolus\" rel=\"discussion\" title=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\" accesskey=\"t\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Talk<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\" aria-label=\"Change language variant\"    >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">English<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-variants\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-right-navigation\" class=\"vector-collapsible\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Views\">\n\t\t\t    \n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-views\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-view\" class=\"selected mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible vector-tab-noicon\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Read<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-edit\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible vector-tab-noicon\">\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-history\" class=\"mw-list-item vector-menu-item--collapsible vector-tab-noicon\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Toxopneustes_pileolus&action=history\" title=\"Past revisions of this page [h]\" accesskey=\"h\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>View history<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Tools\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-verticalEllipsis cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools\" class=\"vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"page-tools-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-page-tools\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Tools<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-cactions\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tActions\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"appearance-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-appearance\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Appearance<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" data-mw-parsoid-version=\"0.24.0.0-alpha14\" data-mw-html-version=\"2.8.0\"><section data-mw-section-id=\"0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\" about=\"#mwt1\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAg\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Short description\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Short_description\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"Species of sea urchin\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>Species of sea urchin<\/div><span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt1\"><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Articles_with_short_description\"\/><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata\"\/><\/span>\n<p about=\"#mwt2\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" class=\"mw-empty-elt\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAw\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Speciesbox\\n\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Speciesbox\"},\"params\":{\"image\":{\"wt\":\"Erizo de flor (Toxopneustes pileolus), Zanz\u00edbar, Tanzania, 2024-06-01, DD 134.jpg\"},\"image_caption\":{\"wt\":\"Flower urchin from [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzania]]\"},\"genus\":{\"wt\":\"Toxopneustes\"},\"species\":{\"wt\":\"pileolus\"},\"authority\":{\"wt\":\"([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1816)\"},\"synonyms_ref\":{\"wt\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"worms\\\"\/>\"},\"synonyms\":{\"wt\":\"{{collapsible list\\n|&apos;&apos;Boletia heteropora&apos;&apos;&lt;br>&lt;small> L. Agassiz &amp; Desor, 1846 &lt;\/small>\\n|&apos;&apos;Boletia pileolus&apos;&apos;&lt;br>&lt;small> (Lamarck, 1816) &lt;\/small>\\n|&apos;&apos;Boletia polyzonalis&apos;&apos;&lt;br>&lt;small> (Lamarck, 1816) &lt;\/small>\\n|&apos;&apos;Echinus pileolus&apos;&apos;&lt;br>&lt;small> Lamarck, 1816&lt;\/small>\\n|&apos;&apos;Echinus polyzonalis&apos;&apos;&lt;br>&lt;small> Lamarck, 1816 &lt;\/small>\\n|&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes chloracanthus&apos;&apos;&lt;br>&lt;small> H.L. Clark, 1912 &lt;\/small>\\n}}\"},\"range_map\":{\"wt\":\"Toxopneustes pileolus distribution range.jpg\"},\"range_map_caption\":{\"wt\":\"{{Legend|#86a3dd|Estimated [[Range (biology)|range]]}}\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/p><link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Articles_with_'species'_microformats\" about=\"#mwt2\"\/><span typeof=\"mw:Nowiki\" about=\"#mwt2\"><\/span>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCQ\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\/250px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"166\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwCg\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwCw\">Flower urchin from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture\" title=\"Okinawa Prefecture\" id=\"rdp-we-mwDA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwDQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwDg\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwDw\"><b id=\"rdp-we-mwEA\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/b><\/i>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\" id=\"rdp-we-mwEQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">commonly known<\/a> as the <b id=\"rdp-we-mwEg\">flower urchin<\/b>, is a widespread and commonly encountered <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\" title=\"Species\" id=\"rdp-we-mwEw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">species<\/a> of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sea urchin<\/a> from the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-West_Pacific\" title=\"Indo-West Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFQ\" target=\"_new\">Indo-West Pacific<\/a>. It is considered highly dangerous, as it is capable of delivering extremely painful and medically significant <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin_injury\" title=\"Sea urchin injury\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">stings when touched<\/a> (as this species is <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"#Venom\" class=\"mw-selflink-fragment\" id=\"rdp-we-mwFw\">toxic<\/a>). It inhabits <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral reefs<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seagrass\" title=\"Seagrass\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seagrass<\/a> beds, and rocky or sandy environments at depths of up to <span about=\"#mwt7\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGg\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"convert\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Convert\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"90\"},\"2\":{\"wt\":\"m\"},\"3\":{\"wt\":\"ft\"},\"abbr\":{\"wt\":\"on\"},\"4\":{\"wt\":\"0\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>90<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt7\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt7\">m (295<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt7\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt7\">ft)<\/span>. It feeds on <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algae\" title=\"Algae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwGw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">algae<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bryozoan\" title=\"Bryozoan\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHA\" target=\"_new\">bryozoans<\/a>, and organic detritus.<\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwHQ\">Its common name is derived from its numerous and distinctively flower-like <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a>, which are usually pinkish-white to yellowish-white in color with a central purple dot. It possesses short and blunt spines, though these are commonly hidden beneath the pedicellariae.  The rigid \"shell\" (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Organs_and_test\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwHw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">test<\/a>) is a variegated deep red and gray in color, though in rare cases it may be greenish to light purple.<\/p>\n\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" id=\"rdp-we-mwIA\" data-mw='{\"autoGenerated\":true}'\/><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwIQ\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxonomy\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Taxonomy\">Taxonomy<\/h2><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwIg\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwIw\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> is one of four species belonging to the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genus\" title=\"Genus\" id=\"rdp-we-mwJA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">genus<\/a> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwJQ\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes\" title=\"Toxopneustes\" id=\"rdp-we-mwJg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes<\/a><\/i>. It belongs to the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwJw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustidae\" title=\"Toxopneustidae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustidae<\/a> in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Order_(biology)\" title=\"Order (biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKQ\" target=\"_new\">order<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camarodonta\" title=\"Camarodonta\" id=\"rdp-we-mwKg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Camarodonta<\/a>. It was  originally described as <i id=\"rdp-we-mwKw\">Echinus pileolus<\/i> by the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\" title=\"French people\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">French<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naturalist\" title=\"Naturalist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLQ\" target=\"_new\">naturalist<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" title=\"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck\" id=\"rdp-we-mwLg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck<\/a> in 1816, in the second book of his <i id=\"rdp-we-mwLw\">Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres<\/i> series. It was later used as the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_species\" title=\"Type species\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">type species<\/a> for the newly created genus <i id=\"rdp-we-mwMQ\">Toxopneustes<\/i> by the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swiss_American\" title=\"Swiss American\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMg\" target=\"_new\">Swiss American<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biologist\" title=\"Biologist\" id=\"rdp-we-mwMw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">biologist<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Agassiz\" title=\"Louis Agassiz\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Louis Agassiz<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt10\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-worms_1-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"worms\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-worms-1\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwNw\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwOA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwOQ\">The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generic_name_(biology)\" title=\"Generic name (biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwOg\" target=\"_new\">generic name<\/a> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwOw\">Toxopneustes<\/i> literally means \"<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poison\" title=\"Poison\" id=\"rdp-we-mwPA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">poison<\/a> breath\", derived from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_Greek\" title=\"Ancient Greek\" id=\"rdp-we-mwPQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Greek<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\" title=\"wikt:\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwPg\" target=\"_new\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd<\/a> [\u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd] (<i id=\"rdp-we-mwPw\">toksik\u00f3n [ph\u00e1rmakon]<\/i>, \"arrow [poison]\") and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\" title=\"wikt:\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwQA\" target=\"_new\">\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a> (<i id=\"rdp-we-mwQQ\">pneustos<\/i>, \"breath\"). The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_name_(zoology)\" title=\"Specific name (zoology)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwQg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">specific name<\/a> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwQw\">pileolus<\/i> means \"little cap\" or \"skullcap\", derived from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin\" title=\"Latin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Latin<\/a> word <i id=\"rdp-we-mwRQ\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pileus_(hat)\" title=\"Pileus (hat)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pileus<\/a><\/i>, a kind of brimless conical <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felt\" title=\"Felt\" id=\"rdp-we-mwRw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">felt<\/a> cap. <\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwSA\">Due to its wide distribution and potential danger, this species possesses many <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\" id=\"rdp-we-mwSQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">common names<\/a>. In <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_language\" title=\"English language\" id=\"rdp-we-mwSg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">English<\/a>, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwSw\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> is most widely known as the \"flower urchin\",<sup about=\"#mwt11\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-worms_1-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"worms\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTg\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwTw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> though it is also known as the \"trumpet sea urchin\",<sup about=\"#mwt14\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-amemiya_2-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"amemiya\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-amemiya-2\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-amemiya-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwUA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwUQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwUg\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwUw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> \"flower tip urchin\",<sup about=\"#mwt17\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-wtf_3-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"wtf\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-wtf-3\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-wtf-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVg\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwVw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> \"felt cap sea urchin\",<sup about=\"#mwt20\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-cook_4-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"cook\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cook-4\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-cook-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWg\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwWw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> and \"poison claw sea urchin\".<sup about=\"#mwt23\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-diverosa_5-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"diverosa\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-diverosa-5\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-diverosa-5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXg\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwXw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seashell\" title=\"Seashell\" id=\"rdp-we-mwYA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seashell collecting trade<\/a>, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwYQ\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> is known as the \"mushroom urchin\", due to their spineless empty shells (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Organs_and_test\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwYg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tests<\/a>) resembling the caps of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mushrooms\" title=\"Mushrooms\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwYw\" target=\"_new\">mushrooms<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt26\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-howey_6-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"howey\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-howey-6\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-howey-6\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZg\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwZw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt29\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-pax_7-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"pax\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-pax-7\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-pax-7\" id=\"rdp-we-mwaA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwaQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwag\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwaw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwbA\">In <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samoan_language\" title=\"Samoan language\" id=\"rdp-we-mwbQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Samoan<\/a> it is known as <i id=\"rdp-we-mwbg\">tapumiti<\/i>;<sup about=\"#mwt32\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-samoa_8-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"samoa\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-samoa-8\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-samoa-8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwbw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwcA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwcQ\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwcg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwcw\">tehe-tehe batu<\/i> in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinama\" title=\"Sinama\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwdA\" target=\"_new\">Sinama<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tausug_language\" title=\"Tausug language\" id=\"rdp-we-mwdQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tausug<\/a>;<sup about=\"#mwt35\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-rahim_9-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"rahim\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-rahim-9\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-rahim-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwdg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwdw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mweA\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mweQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> <i id=\"rdp-we-mweg\">rappa-uni<\/i> (\u30e9\u30c3\u30d1\u30a6\u30cb) or <i id=\"rdp-we-mwew\">dokugaze<\/i> (\u6bd2\u30ac\u30bc) in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_language\" title=\"Japanese language\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japanese<\/a>;<sup about=\"#mwt36\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-worms_1-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"worms\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwfw\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt37\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-suzuki_10-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"suzuki\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-suzuki-10\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwgw\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> and <i id=\"rdp-we-mwhQ\">l\u01ceb\u0101 d\u00fa j\u00ed h\u01cei d\u01cen<\/i> (\u5587\u53ed\u6bd2\u68d8\u6d77\u81bd) in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language\" title=\"Chinese language\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Chinese<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt40\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-gbif_11-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"gbif\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-gbif-11\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-gbif-11\" id=\"rdp-we-mwhw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwiA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwiQ\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwig\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwiw\" aria-labelledby=\"Description\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt41\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwjA\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"See also\",\"href\":\".\/Template:See_also\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"Sea urchin anatomy\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\" about=\"#mwt41\" id=\"rdp-we-mwjQ\">See also: <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin_anatomy\" title=\"Sea urchin anatomy\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">Sea urchin anatomy<\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwjg\">Flower urchins are relatively large sea urchins. They can reach a maximum diameter of around <span about=\"#mwt43\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwjw\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"convert\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Convert\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"15\"},\"2\":{\"wt\":\"to\"},\"3\":{\"wt\":\"20\"},\"4\":{\"wt\":\"cm\"},\"5\":{\"wt\":\"in\"},\"abbr\":{\"wt\":\"on\"},\"6\":{\"wt\":\"0\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>15 to 20<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt43\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt43\">cm (6 to 8<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt43\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt43\">in)<\/span>.<sup about=\"#mwt46\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-fb_12-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"fb\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-fb-12\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-fb-12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkg\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwkw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt49\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-lh_13-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"lh\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-lh-13\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-lh-13\" id=\"rdp-we-mwlA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwlQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwlg\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwlw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p> \n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt50\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwmA\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"multiple image\\n\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Multiple_image\"},\"params\":{\"align\":{\"wt\":\"left\"},\"direction\":{\"wt\":\"vertical\"},\"width\":{\"wt\":\"220\"},\"image2\":{\"wt\":\"Lanterne d&apos;Aristote de Toxopneustes pileolus.jpg\"},\"caption2\":{\"wt\":\"Bottom (oral) surface of the flower urchin showing [[Sea urchin#Spines|spines]], [[tube feet]], and the mouth with the chewing apparatus ([[Aristotle&apos;s lantern]])\"},\"image1\":{\"wt\":\"Toxopneustes pileolus (Sea urchin).jpg\"},\"caption1\":{\"wt\":\"Flower urchin from [[Tasitolu]], [[East Timor]] (note the visible purple zigzag in one of the [[ambulacral]] segments)\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span><div class=\"thumb tmulti floatleft\" about=\"#mwt50\" id=\"rdp-we-mwmQ\"><div class=\"thumbinner multiimageinner\" style=\"width:224px;max-width:224px\"><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:222px;max-width:222px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_(Sea_urchin).jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_(Sea_urchin).jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_%28Sea_urchin%29.jpg\/250px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_%28Sea_urchin%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"165\" width=\"220\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Flower urchin from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tasitolu\" title=\"Tasitolu\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tasitolu<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Timor\" title=\"East Timor\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">East Timor<\/a> (note the visible purple zigzag in one of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulacral\" title=\"Ambulacral\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ambulacral<\/a> segments)<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:222px;max-width:222px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lanterne_d'Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lanterne_d'Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4e\/Lanterne_d%27Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\/250px-Lanterne_d%27Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"170\" width=\"220\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Bottom (oral) surface of the flower urchin showing <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Spines\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a>, and the mouth with the chewing apparatus (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle's_lantern\" title=\"Aristotle's lantern\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">Aristotle's lantern<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwmg\">Like most <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echinoderm\" title=\"Echinoderm\" id=\"rdp-we-mwmw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">echinoderms<\/a>, the body of adult flower urchins is equally divided into identical segments around a central axis in multiples of five (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symmetry_in_biology#Subtypes_of_radial_symmetry\" title=\"Symmetry in biology\" id=\"rdp-we-mwnA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pentaradial symmetry<\/a>). The rigid \"shell\" (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Organs_and_test\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwnQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">test<\/a>) has five <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulacral\" title=\"Ambulacral\" id=\"rdp-we-mwng\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">interambulacral<\/a> segments separated from each other by five <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulacral\" title=\"Ambulacral\" id=\"rdp-we-mwnw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ambulacral<\/a> segments, each of them are composed of smaller regularly interlocking plates. It is overlaid by a thin layer of skin in living individuals. The test is variegated in coloration, usually deep red and grey, though there are rare instances of green and pale purple.<sup about=\"#mwt52\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-eol_14-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"eol\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwoA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwoQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwog\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwow\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt55\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Clark_15-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Clark\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Clark-15\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwpA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwpQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwpg\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwpw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt56\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-hawaiian_16-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"hawaiian\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\" id=\"rdp-we-mwqA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwqQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwqg\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwqw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Each ambulacral segment is ornamented by a large purple zigzag pattern running along its length.<sup about=\"#mwt57\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-eol_14-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"eol\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwrA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwrQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwrg\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwrw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwsA\">Two rows of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" id=\"rdp-we-mwsQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a> emerge from the grooves on either side of each of the ambulacral segments (for a total of ten rows). The tube feet are individually composed of a thin muscular stalk (podia) tipped with a small suction cup (ampulla). The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Mouth_\/_anus\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwsg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mouth<\/a> is centrally located in the bottom (oral) surface of the test. It is surrounded by a ring of small plates overlaid by softer tissue known as the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Mouth_\/_anus\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwsw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">peristome<\/a>. Embedded in the peristome are five <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcareous\" title=\"Calcareous\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">calcareous<\/a> \"teeth\" collectively known as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle's_lantern\" title=\"Aristotle's lantern\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtQ\" target=\"_new\">Aristotle's lantern<\/a>. These are used for grinding the flower urchin's food. The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Mouth_\/_anus\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anus<\/a> is situated on the upper (aboral) surface of the test, directly opposite the mouth. Like the mouth, it is surrounded by a ring of small plates known as the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Periproct\" title=\"Periproct\" id=\"rdp-we-mwtw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">periproct<\/a>. Surrounding the anal opening are five smaller holes (the genital pores) which are directly connected to the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonad\" title=\"Gonad\" id=\"rdp-we-mwuA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gonads<\/a> inside the body cavity.<sup about=\"#mwt58\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-eol_14-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"eol\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwuQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwug\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwuw\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt59\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Clark_15-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Clark\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwvw\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwwA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwwQ\">The most conspicuous feature of flower urchins are their <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellariae\" title=\"Pedicellariae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwwg\" target=\"_new\">pedicellariae<\/a> (stalked grasping appendages). Flower urchins possess four types of pedicellariae, distinguished by form and function, but only two are abundant. The first type are the ophicephalous pedicellariae. They resemble tube feet, except they end in three small claws (called valves) rather than suction cups. These are used to keep the body surface clear of algae, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epibiont\" title=\"Epibiont\" id=\"rdp-we-mwww\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">encrusting organisms<\/a>, and unwanted debris.<sup about=\"#mwt60\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-hawaiian_16-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"hawaiian\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxg\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwxw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt61\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-oceana_17-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"oceana\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyg\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwyw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt62\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ds_18-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ds\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzg\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwzw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt63\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-coppard_19-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"coppard\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\" id=\"rdp-we-mw0A\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw0Q\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw0g\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw0w\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p> \n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt64\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1A\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"multiple image\\n\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Multiple_image\"},\"params\":{\"direction\":{\"wt\":\"vertical\"},\"width\":{\"wt\":\"300\"},\"image2\":{\"wt\":\"Toxopneustes pileolus globiferous pedicellaria.jpg\"},\"caption2\":{\"wt\":\"Illustration of a valve showing the sharp [[fang]]-like tip. Three of these form the claw-like ends of the flower urchin globiferous [[pedicellaria]]e.&lt;ref name=\\\"revechini\\\">{{cite book|author=Alexander Agassiz |title =Revision of the Echini |publisher =Cambridge University Press|year =1872|series=Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo\u00f6logy at Harvard College |url=https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/40080#\/summary}}&lt;\/ref> In life, the valves are enclosed within a [[Biological membrane|membrane]] which are stretched to form a circle.&lt;ref name=\\\"eol\\\"\/>&lt;ref name=\\\"coppard\\\"\/>\"},\"image1\":{\"wt\":\"Toxopneustes pileolus appendages.JPG\"},\"caption1\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;&apos;A&apos;&apos;&apos; - [[tube feet]]&lt;br>&apos;&apos;&apos;B&apos;&apos;&apos; - [[pedicellaria]]e (ophicephalous and globiferous)&lt;br> &apos;&apos;&apos;C&apos;&apos;&apos; - [[Sea urchin#Spines|spines]]\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415\/mw-parser-output\/.tmulti\" about=\"#mwt65\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Multiple image\/styles.css\",\"wrapper\":\".tmulti\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"}}'\/><\/span><div class=\"thumb tmulti floatright\" about=\"#mwt64\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1Q\"><div class=\"thumbinner multiimageinner\" style=\"width:304px;max-width:304px\"><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:302px;max-width:302px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\/330px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"184\" width=\"300\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\"><b>A<\/b> - <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a><br\/><b>B<\/b> - <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a> (ophicephalous and globiferous)<br\/> <b>C<\/b> - <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Spines\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:302px;max-width:302px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\/330px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"125\" width=\"300\" class=\"mw-file-element\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Illustration of a valve showing the sharp <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang\" title=\"Fang\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fang<\/a>-like tip. Three of these form the claw-like ends of the flower urchin globiferous <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt68\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-revechini_20-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"revechini\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-revechini-20\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-revechini-20\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1g\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw1w\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2A\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2Q\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In life, the valves are enclosed within a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_membrane\" title=\"Biological membrane\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">membrane<\/a> which are stretched to form a circle.<sup about=\"#mwt71\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-eol_14-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"eol\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2g\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw2w\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3A\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3Q\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt73\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-coppard_19-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"coppard\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3g\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw3w\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw4A\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw4Q\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mw4g\">The second type are the globiferous pedicellariae which superficially resemble flowers (hence its common name).<sup about=\"#mwt78\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"nakagawa2\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nakagawa2-21\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mw4w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5Q\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> These are more specialized and are used for defense against <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predator\" title=\"Predator\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mw5w\" target=\"_new\">predators<\/a> and larger <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ectoparasite\" title=\"Ectoparasite\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6A\" target=\"_new\">ectoparasites<\/a>.  Globiferous pedicellariae also end in a three-valved claw-like grasping appendage, like they do in ophicephalous pedicellariae, but they are much larger.<sup about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-coppard_19-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"coppard\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-coppard-19\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6Q\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6g\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw6w\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7A\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt84\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ingolf_22-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ingolf\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ingolf-22\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ingolf-22\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7Q\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7g\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw7w\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8A\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The valves are connected to each other by a distinctive circular <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_membrane\" title=\"Biological membrane\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8Q\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">membrane<\/a> around <span about=\"#mwt75\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8g\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"convert\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Convert\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"4\"},\"2\":{\"wt\":\"to\"},\"3\":{\"wt\":\"5\"},\"4\":{\"wt\":\"mm\"},\"5\":{\"wt\":\"in\"},\"abbr\":{\"wt\":\"on\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>4 to 5<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt75\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt75\">mm (0.16 to 0.20<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt75\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt75\">in)<\/span> in diameter. They are pinkish-white to yellowish-white in color with a central purple dot and a bright white rim.<sup about=\"#mwt85\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-eol_14-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"eol\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mw8w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9Q\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt86\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-coppard_19-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"coppard\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\" id=\"rdp-we-mw9w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-Q\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Each valve ends in a sharp fang-like tip which is capable of penetrating human skin.<sup about=\"#mwt89\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ds_18-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ds\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ds-18\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_A\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_Q\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_g\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt92\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-edo_23-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"edo\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-edo-23\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-edo-23\" id=\"rdp-we-mw_w\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQE\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt95\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-shimek_24-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"shimek\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-shimek-24\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-shimek-24\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQU\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The base of the valves also house <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venom_gland\" title=\"Venom gland\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">venom glands<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt96\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-coppard_19-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"coppard\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQo\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt99\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ferreira_25-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ferreira\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ferreira-25\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ferreira-25\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ4\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAQ8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Some authors further subdivide globiferous pedicellariae into two subtypes based on size - the trumpet pedicellariae and the giant pedicellariae.<sup about=\"#mwt100\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"nakagawa2\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARE\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARI\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARM\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The other two types of pedicellariae - tridentate and triphyllous - are rare or restricted only to certain areas of the test.<sup about=\"#mwt103\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-hawaiian_16-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"hawaiian\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-hawaiian-16\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARY\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwARg\">The relatively blunt <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Spines\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARk\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a> are quite short and are usually hidden below the flower-like pedicellariae. They can vary from white, pink, yellow, light green, to purple in coloration with lighter-colored tips.<sup about=\"#mwt106\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-eol_14-5\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"eol\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-eol-14\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwARw\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAR0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt107\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Clark_15-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Clark\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAR4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAR8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASA\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwASI\">Unlike most other venomous sea urchins, flower urchins and related <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustidae\" title=\"Toxopneustidae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">toxopneustids<\/a> do not deliver their venom through spines. Instead, the venom is administered through the flower-like globiferous pedicellariae.<sup about=\"#mwt110\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ds_18-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ds\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ds-18\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASY\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt113\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-edo_23-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"edo\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-edo-23\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-edo-23\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASo\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt116\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-shimek_24-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"shimek\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-shimek-24\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-shimek-24\" id=\"rdp-we-mwASw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAS0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAS4\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAS8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ferreira_25-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ferreira\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ferreira-25\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ferreira-25\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATE\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATI\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATM\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> If undisturbed, the tips of the globiferous pedicellariae are usually expanded into round <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cup\" title=\"Cup\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cup<\/a>-like shapes. They possess tiny sensors on their inside surfaces which can detect threats by <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mechanoreceptor\" title=\"Mechanoreceptor\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">touch<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemoreceptor\" title=\"Chemoreceptor\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">chemical<\/a> stimuli. When agitated or brushed against by a potential threat, the pedicellariae will immediately snap shut and inject venom. The claws of the pedicellariae may also break off from their stalks and adhere to the point of contact, retaining the ability to continually inject venom for several hours.<sup about=\"#mwt120\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-cook_4-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"cook\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-cook-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATc\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATk\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATo\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt121\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-mah_26-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"mah\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATs\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwATw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAT0\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAT4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt122\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-halstead_27-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"halstead\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-halstead-27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAT8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUE\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt123\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Fujiwara_28-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Fujiwara\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Fujiwara-28\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUU\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAUc\">The potency of the pedicellarial venom is believed<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2025\" about=\"#mwt124\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUg\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"By whom\",\"href\":\".\/Template:By_whom\"},\"params\":{\"date\":{\"wt\":\"June 2025\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\" about=\"#mwt124\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUk\"><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">[<\/span><i><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions\" title=\"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Words to watch\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2025)\">by whom?<\/span><\/a><\/i><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">]<\/span><\/sup> to be directly related to the size of the pedicellariae. Thus individuals with larger globiferous pedicellariae are considered to be more dangerous than individuals with more numerous but smaller globiferous pedicellariae.<sup about=\"#mwt125\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"nakagawa2\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAUw\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAU0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAU4\" aria-labelledby=\"Distribution_and_habitat\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution_and_habitat\">Distribution and habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAU8\">Flower urchins are widespread and common in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical\" title=\"Tropical\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVA\" target=\"_new\">tropical<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-West_Pacific\" title=\"Indo-West Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVE\" target=\"_new\">Indo-West Pacific<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt126\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-fb_12-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"fb\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-fb-12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVQ\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> They can be found north from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture\" title=\"Okinawa Prefecture\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a>, to <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tasmania\" title=\"Tasmania\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tasmania<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia\" title=\"Australia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVk\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Australia<\/a> in the south;<sup about=\"#mwt129\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-oceana_17-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"oceana\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-oceana-17\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAVw\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAV0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt132\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-atj_29-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"atj\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-atj-29\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-atj-29\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAV4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAV8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWA\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> and west from the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red Sea<\/a> and the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Africa\" title=\"East Africa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">East African<\/a> coast,<sup about=\"#mwt133\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-worms_1-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"worms\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWY\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> to <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rarotonga\" title=\"Rarotonga\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Rarotonga<\/a> in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cook_Islands\" title=\"Cook Islands\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWk\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cook Islands<\/a> in the east.<sup about=\"#mwt136\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-cook2_30-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"cook2\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cook2-30\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-cook2-30\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAWw\">[<\/span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAW0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In Mexican waters, the Flower Urchin can be found in every waters of the Pacific with the exception that they are absent from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerrero_Negro\" title=\"Guerrero Negro\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAW4\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Guerrero Negro<\/a> (Bahia Tortugas), <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baja_California\" title=\"Baja California\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAW8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Baja California<\/a>, northward along the central and northwest coasts of Baja.<sup about=\"#mwt139\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-31\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-31\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-31\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXE\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXI\">[<\/span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXM\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAXQ\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwAXU\">Toxopneustes<\/i> species are similar in appearance and are often mistaken for each other, though it is possible to <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Identification_(biology)\" title=\"Identification (biology)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">distinguish the species<\/a> based on <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_coloration\" title=\"Animal coloration\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coloration<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species_distribution\" title=\"Species distribution\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">geographic range<\/a>; <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAXk\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_roseus\" title=\"Toxopneustes roseus\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes roseus<\/a><\/i> can be distinguished by the uniform coloration of their tests of pink, brown, or purple. It is also restricted to the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Pacific\" title=\"East Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAXs\" target=\"_new\">East Pacific<\/a> and thus aren't found together with flower urchins. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAXw\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_elegans\" title=\"Toxopneustes elegans\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAX0\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes elegans<\/a><\/i>, which is <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemism\" title=\"Endemism\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAX4\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">only found<\/a> around <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAX8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a>, can be distinguished by the presence of a distinctive dark stripe just below the tips of their spines. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAYA\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_maculatus\" title=\"Toxopneustes maculatus\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes maculatus<\/a><\/i> is a very rare species known only from specimens from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R\u00e9union\" title=\"R\u00e9union\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">R\u00e9union<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas_Island\" title=\"Christmas Island\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Christmas Island<\/a>, and the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmyra_Atoll\" title=\"Palmyra Atoll\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Palmyra Atoll<\/a>. It can be distinguished by the bright violet coloration on the bottom and in a band around the middle of their tests.<sup about=\"#mwt140\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Clark_15-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Clark\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYU\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYY\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYc\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAYk\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwAYo\">T. pileolus<\/i> are found among <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYs\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral reefs<\/a>, coral rubble, rocks, sand, and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seagrass\" title=\"Seagrass\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAYw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seagrass<\/a> beds at depths of <span about=\"#mwt141\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAY0\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"convert\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Convert\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"0\"},\"2\":{\"wt\":\"to\"},\"3\":{\"wt\":\"90\"},\"4\":{\"wt\":\"m\"},\"5\":{\"wt\":\"ft\"},\"abbr\":{\"wt\":\"on\"},\"6\":{\"wt\":\"0\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>0 to 90<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt141\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt141\">m (0 to 295<\/span><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" about=\"#mwt141\">\u00a0<\/span><span about=\"#mwt141\">ft)<\/span> from the water's surface.<sup about=\"#mwt142\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-fb_12-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"fb\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-fb-12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAY4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAY8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZA\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt145\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-debeer_32-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"debeer\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-debeer-32\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-debeer-32\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZQ\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> They may sometimes partially bury themselves on the substrate.<sup about=\"#mwt146\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-oceana_17-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"oceana\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZg\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZo\" aria-labelledby=\"Ecology_and_behavior\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Ecology_and_behavior\">Ecology and behavior<\/h2><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAZs\">Flower urchins feed on <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algae\" title=\"Algae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">algae<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bryozoa\" title=\"Bryozoa\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZ0\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bryozoans<\/a>, and organic detritus,<sup about=\"#mwt147\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-atj_29-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"atj\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-atj-29\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZ4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAZ8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaA\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt150\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Goemans_33-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Goemans\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Goemans-33\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Goemans-33\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaQ\">[<\/span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> and they themselves have few predators.<sup about=\"#mwt151\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-oceana_17-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"oceana\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAac\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAag\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAak\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> They are known to be toxic to fish. One of the few organisms capable of consuming flower urchins with no apparent adverse effects is the predatory <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corallimorpharia\" title=\"Corallimorpharia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAao\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">corallimorph<\/a> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAas\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paracorynactis_hoplites\" title=\"Paracorynactis hoplites\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAaw\" target=\"_new\">Paracorynactis<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAa0\">\u00a0<\/span>hoplites<\/a><\/i>. However it is unknown if flower urchins are among its natural prey.<sup about=\"#mwt154\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-bos_34-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"bos\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-bos-34\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-bos-34\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAa4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAa8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbA\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbI\" aria-labelledby=\"Associated_species\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Associated_species\">Associated species<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbM\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbQ\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\/250px-Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"320\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbU\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAbY\">The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zebra_crab\" title=\"Zebra crab\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbc\" target=\"_new\">zebra crab<\/a>, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAbg\">Zebrida<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbk\">\u00a0<\/span>adamsii<\/i>, is a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasite\" title=\"Parasite\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbo\" target=\"_new\">parasite<\/a> of flower urchins<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAbs\">The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commensalism\" title=\"Commensalism\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAbw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">commensal<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpheidae\" title=\"Alpheidae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAb0\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">alpheid<\/a> shrimp <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAb4\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Athanas_areteformis\" title=\"Athanas areteformis\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAb8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Athanas areteformis<\/a><\/i>, can sometimes be found living among the spines of flower urchins (as well as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echinometra_mathaei\" title=\"Echinometra mathaei\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">burrowing urchins<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collector_urchin\" title=\"Collector urchin\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcE\" target=\"_new\">collector urchins<\/a>).<sup about=\"#mwt157\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Athanas_35-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Athanas\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Athanas-35\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Athanas-35\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcQ\">[<\/span>35<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Digestion\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">intestines<\/a> of flower urchins can also serve as habitats for the commensal <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flatworm\" title=\"Flatworm\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">flatworm<\/a> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAcg\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syndesmis_longicanalis\" title=\"Syndesmis longicanalis\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAck\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Syndesmis longicanalis<\/a><\/i>.<sup about=\"#mwt160\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-moens_36-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"moens\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-moens-36\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-moens-36\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAco\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAcw\">[<\/span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAc0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAc4\">Flower urchins are also common hosts of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zebra_crab\" title=\"Zebra crab\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAc8\" target=\"_new\">zebra crab<\/a>, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAdA\">Zebrida adamsii<\/i>. These tiny crabs are <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obligate_symbiont\" title=\"Obligate symbiont\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdE\" target=\"_new\">obligate symbionts<\/a> of sea urchins. They cling to the spines on the outer surface of the sea urchin test using their highly specialized walking legs. Because their ability to walk on substrates like sand is impaired, zebra crabs spend their entire <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benthos\" title=\"Benthos\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdI\" target=\"_new\">benthic<\/a> life stage attached to sea urchins, switching between hosts only during the mating season. Usually only one zebra crab is attached to an individual sea urchin outside of the mating season, but larger sea urchins can be hosts to two (very rarely more). The area of the test they inhabit is characteristically smooth; completely devoid of spines, pedicellariae, tube feet, and even epidermis. It is unknown if they physically destroy and\/or consume these appendages or if they use other stimuli to induce the host sea urchins to <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autotomy\" title=\"Autotomy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">autotomize<\/a>. Although previously considered harmless commensals, authors have since reclassified them as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasite\" title=\"Parasite\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdQ\" target=\"_new\">parasites<\/a>. In addition to the visible external damage, a 1974 study also observed abnormal behavior and coloration among infected sea urchins. They also appear to be immune to the flower urchin's venom.<sup about=\"#mwt163\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-suzuki_10-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"suzuki\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-suzuki-10\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-suzuki-10\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdU\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdY\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdc\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt164\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-mah_26-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"mah\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdk\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdo\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAds\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAdw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt167\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-37\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-37\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-37\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAd0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAd4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAd8\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"6\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeE\" aria-labelledby=\"Reproduction\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Reproduction\">Reproduction<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAeI\">Flower urchins are <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dioecious\" title=\"Dioecious\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeM\" target=\"_new\">dioecious<\/a> (having separate male and female individuals), but it is almost impossible to determine the sex of an individual by external characteristics alone. A possible method is by examining the external characteristics of the genital pores (<a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonopore\" title=\"Gonopore\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gonopores<\/a>). In males, they are generally short, cone-shaped, and extrude above the body surface; while in females they are usually sunken. However this is not reliable, as 15% of the cases can exhibit the opposite characteristics. All other external features, like shape and size of the tests or color of the spines are indistinguishable between the two sexes.<sup about=\"#mwt170\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-tahara_38-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"tahara\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-tahara-38\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-tahara-38\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeU\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeY\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAec\">[<\/span>38<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>\nFlower urchins have a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromosome_number\" title=\"Chromosome number\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAek\" target=\"_new\">chromosome number<\/a> of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ploidy\" title=\"Ploidy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAeo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">2n<\/a> = 42.<sup about=\"#mwt173\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-chrom_39-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"chrom\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-chrom-39\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-chrom-39\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAes\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAew\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAe0\">[<\/span>39<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAe4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAe8\">Relatively little is known of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawn_(biology)\" title=\"Spawn (biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfA\" target=\"_new\">spawning<\/a> behavior of flower urchins. Like other sea urchins, fertilization happens externally. Males and females release free-swimming <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamete\" title=\"Gamete\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gametes<\/a> (eggs and sperm) directly into the water currents in mass <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawning\" title=\"Spawning\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spawning<\/a> events.<sup about=\"#mwt174\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-chen_40-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"chen\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfU\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture\" title=\"Okinawa Prefecture\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfg\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a>, a 1994 study identified the spawning season of flower urchins as occurring in winter, at the same time as the closely related and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sympatric\" title=\"Sympatric\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfk\" target=\"_new\">sympatric<\/a> <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAfo\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_elegans\" title=\"Toxopneustes elegans\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfs\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes elegans<\/a><\/i>. It also recorded possible <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_hybrid\" title=\"Natural hybrid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAfw\" target=\"_new\">natural hybrids<\/a> resulting from instances where the eggs of <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAf0\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> are fertilized by the sperm of <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAf4\">Toxopneustes elegans<\/i>.<sup about=\"#mwt177\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-fukuchi_41-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"fukuchi\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-fukuchi-41\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-fukuchi-41\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAf8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgE\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAgM\">In <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taiwan<\/a>, a 2010 study observed flower urchins spawning in May on the years 2007 and 2009. They occurred on highly similar conditions: in the afternoon <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_tide\" title=\"Low tide\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgU\" target=\"_new\">low tide<\/a> of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spring_tide\" title=\"Spring tide\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgY\" target=\"_new\">spring tide<\/a> immediately after a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_moon\" title=\"New moon\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">new moon<\/a>. During the event, spawning individuals discard the debris that usually cover their bodies before releasing their gametes into the water.<sup about=\"#mwt178\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-chen_40-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"chen\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgo\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Another study published in 2013 did not find any obvious correlation between lunar and tidal cycles to the mass spawning behavior of the flower urchin populations in southern Taiwan. It did note that the spawning patterns appeared to be non-random, with higher spawning rates on daytime on certain dates. However, the study was conducted within a span of only five months (from April to August 2010).<sup about=\"#mwt181\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Lin_42-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Lin\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Lin-42\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Lin-42\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAgw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAg0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAg4\">[<\/span>42<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAg8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhE\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\/250px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"196\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhI\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAhM\">Flower urchin off the coast of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R\u00e9union\" title=\"R\u00e9union\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">R\u00e9union<\/a> exhibiting \"covering\" behavior<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"7\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhU\" aria-labelledby='\"Covering\"_behavior'><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id='rdp-we-\"Covering\"_behavior'><span id=\"rdp-we-.22Covering.22_behavior\" typeof=\"mw:FallbackId\"><\/span>\"Covering\" behavior<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAhY\">Flower urchins are among the numerous species of sea urchins known as \"collector urchins\", so named because they frequently cover the upper surfaces of their bodies with debris from their surroundings. This behavior is usually referred to as \"covering\" or \"heaping\".<sup about=\"#mwt182\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-debeer_32-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"debeer\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-debeer-32\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhc\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhk\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAho\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt185\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-mah_26-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"mah\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-mah-26\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhs\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAhw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAh0\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAh4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt188\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-yanagisawa_43-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"yanagisawa\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-yanagisawa-43\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-yanagisawa-43\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAh8\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiE\">[<\/span>43<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiI\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> Flower urchins are usually found almost completely covered in objects like dead <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral\" title=\"Coral\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral<\/a> fragments, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seashell\" title=\"Seashell\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shells<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seaweed\" title=\"Seaweed\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seaweed<\/a>, and rocks.<sup about=\"#mwt189\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-oceana_17-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"oceana\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAic\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAig\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAik\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt192\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ocean_44-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ocean\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ocean-44\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ocean-44\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAio\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAis\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAiw\">[<\/span>44<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAi0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> These are held fast to their bodies using their tube feet and pedicellariae.<sup about=\"#mwt193\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-chen_40-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"chen\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAi4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAi8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjA\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAjI\">The function of this behavior is not well understood. Some authors believe that the debris serve as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ballast\" title=\"Ballast\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ballast<\/a>, preventing them from being swept away by wave surges when feeding;<sup about=\"#mwt196\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-chen_40-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"chen\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-chen-40\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjU\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjY\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjc\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt199\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-james_45-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"james\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-james-45\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-james-45\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjo\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjs\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> while others believe that they may function as some sort of defense against predation.<sup about=\"#mwt200\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-mah_26-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"mah\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAjw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAj0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAj4\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAj8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> A 2007 study has hypothesized that the behavior may serve as protection from <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UV_radiation\" title=\"UV radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkA\" target=\"_new\">UV radiation<\/a> during daytime.<sup about=\"#mwt203\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-sigg_46-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"sigg\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-sigg-46\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-sigg-46\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkE\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkI\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkM\">[<\/span>46<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkU\" aria-labelledby=\"Relation_to_humans\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Relation_to_humans\">Relation to humans<\/h2><\/div>\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkY\" aria-labelledby=\"Venom\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Venom\">Venom<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkc\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkg\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\/250px-Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"191\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkk\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAko\">Close up of a flower urchin. Note the tightly shut globiferous <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAks\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a> behind the extended <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAkw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAk0\">At least two <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Active_compound\" title=\"Active compound\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAk4\" target=\"_new\">active compounds<\/a> which are <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxin\" title=\"Toxin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAk8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">toxic to humans<\/a> have been purified from the pedicellarial venom of flower urchins in two studies.<sup about=\"#mwt206\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-yokota_47-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"yokota\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-yokota-47\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-yokota-47\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlE\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlI\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlM\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The first was discovered in 1991 and named <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAlQ\">Contractin A<\/b>. It was found to interfere with the transmission of signals at <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nerve_endings\" title=\"Nerve endings\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlU\" target=\"_new\">nerve endings<\/a> as well as cause <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemagglutination\" title=\"Hemagglutination\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlY\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hemagglutination<\/a> (clumping of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_blood_cell\" title=\"Red blood cell\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">red blood cells<\/a>).<sup about=\"#mwt209\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-sewell_48-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"sewell\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-sewell-48\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-sewell-48\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlk\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlo\">[<\/span>48<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAls\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt212\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-farley_49-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"farley\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-farley-49\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-farley-49\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAlw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAl0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAl4\">[<\/span>49<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAl8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> When administered to <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinea_pig\" title=\"Guinea pig\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">guinea pigs<\/a>, it resulted in contractions in the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smooth_muscles\" title=\"Smooth muscles\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmE\" target=\"_new\">smooth muscles<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt215\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-nakagawa_50-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"nakagawa\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nakagawa-50\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa-50\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmQ\">[<\/span>50<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAmY\">The second, discovered in 1994, is a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein\" title=\"Protein\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">protein<\/a> toxin named <b id=\"rdp-we-mwAmg\">peditoxin<\/b>. It is composed of the protein pedin and the active <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prosthetic_group\" title=\"Prosthetic group\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmk\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">prosthetic group<\/a> pedoxin. At low doses to mice, pedoxin was found to result in markedly lower body temperatures, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_relaxation\" title=\"Muscle relaxation\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmo\" target=\"_new\">muscle relaxation<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedation\" title=\"Sedation\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAms\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sedation<\/a>, and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anesthesia\" title=\"Anesthesia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAmw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anesthetic<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coma\" title=\"Coma\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAm0\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coma<\/a>. At higher doses it resulted in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convulsion\" title=\"Convulsion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAm4\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">convulsions<\/a> and death. Pedin itself is non-toxic, but it magnifies the effects of pedoxin. When combined into the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holoprotein\" title=\"Holoprotein\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAm8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">holoprotein<\/a> peditoxin, even low doses resulted in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anaphylaxis\" title=\"Anaphylaxis\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anaphylaxis<\/a>-like <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shock_(circulatory)\" title=\"Shock (circulatory)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shock<\/a> and death.<sup about=\"#mwt218\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-kuwabara_51-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"kuwabara\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-kuwabara-51\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-kuwabara-51\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnQ\">[<\/span>51<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAnY\">UT841, a possible third toxin isolated in 2001, has been shown to affect <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brain#Metabolism\" title=\"Brain\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">brain metabolism<\/a> in chicks. However, the authors are unclear on whether UT841 may actually be the same compound as Contractin A, since both have the same <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molecular_weight\" title=\"Molecular weight\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAng\" target=\"_new\">molecular weight<\/a> of 18,000 <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_mass_unit\" title=\"Atomic mass unit\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnk\" target=\"_new\">Da<\/a> and an almost identical <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-terminus\" title=\"N-terminus\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAno\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">N-terminal sequence<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt221\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-zhang_52-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"zhang\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-zhang-52\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-zhang-52\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAns\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAnw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAn0\">[<\/span>52<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAn4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAn8\">In addition to these toxins, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lectin\" title=\"Lectin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lectins<\/a> have also been isolated from flower urchin venom. Among them are SUL-I, SUL-II, SUL-IA, and SUL-III (SUL stands for \"sea urchin lectin\"). These lectins may be valuable as research tools for investigating the functions of cell processes.<sup about=\"#mwt224\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-sakai_53-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"sakai\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-sakai-53\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-sakai-53\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoE\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoI\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoM\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<section data-mw-section-id=\"10\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoU\" aria-labelledby=\"Effects_on_humans\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Effects_on_humans\">Effects on humans<\/h4><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAoY\">In 1930, the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_people\" title=\"Japanese people\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoc\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japanese<\/a> <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_biologist\" title=\"Marine biologist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAog\" target=\"_new\">marine biologist<\/a> Tsutomu Fujiwara accidentally envenomated himself with seven or eight flower urchin pedicellariae while working in a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishing_boat\" title=\"Fishing boat\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAok\" target=\"_new\">fishing boat<\/a>. He described his experience in a paper published in 1935:<sup about=\"#mwt225\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-mah_26-4\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"mah\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAoo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAos\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAow\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAo0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt228\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-halstead_27-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"halstead\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-halstead-27\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-halstead-27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAo4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAo8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApA\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt231\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Fujiwara_28-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Fujiwara\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Fujiwara-28\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Fujiwara-28\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApQ\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt232\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApY\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Quote box\\n \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Quote_box\"},\"params\":{\"quote\":{\"wt\":\"On June 26, 1930, while I was working on a fishing boat on the coast of Tsutajima in [[Saganoseki, \u014cita|Saganoseki]], I scooped up with my bare hand an individual of the sea-urchin which had been carried up by a diver with a fishing implement on the water surface from the sea-bottom about 20 fathoms in depth, and I transferred the sea-urchin into a small tank in the boat. At that time, 7 or 8 pedicellariae stubbornly attached themselves to a side of the middle finger of my right hand, detached from the stalk and remained on the skin of my finger.\\n\\nInstantly, I felt a severe pain resembling that caused by the [[cnidoblast]] of [[Coelenterata]], and I felt as if the toxin were beginning to move rapidly to the blood vessel from the stung area towards my heart. After a while, I experienced a faint [[giddiness]], difficulty of respiration, [[paralysis]] of the lips, tongue and eyelids, relaxation of muscles in the limbs, was hardly able to speak or control my [[facial expression]], and felt almost as if I were going to die. About 15 minutes afterwards, I felt that pains gradually diminish and after about an hour they disappeared completely. But the facial paralysis like that caused by [[wikt:cocainization|cocainization]] continued for about six hours.\"},\"source\":{\"wt\":\"{{cite journal|author= Tsutomu Fujiwara|year=1935|title= On the poisonous pedicellaria of &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos; (Lamarck)|journal=Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses |volume=15|issue=1|pages=62&amp;ndash;68}}\"},\"width\":{\"wt\":\"80%\"},\"align\":{\"wt\":\"center\"},\"salign\":{\"wt\":\"right\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span><div class=\"quotebox pullquote centered\" style=\"    width:80%;     ;             \" about=\"#mwt232\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApc\">\n\n<blockquote class=\"quotebox-quote  left-aligned\" style=\"    \">\n<p>On June 26, 1930, while I was working on a fishing boat on the coast of Tsutajima in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saganoseki,_\u014cita\" title=\"Saganoseki, \u014cita\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Saganoseki<\/a>, I scooped up with my bare hand an individual of the sea-urchin which had been carried up by a diver with a fishing implement on the water surface from the sea-bottom about 20 fathoms in depth, and I transferred the sea-urchin into a small tank in the boat. At that time, 7 or 8 pedicellariae stubbornly attached themselves to a side of the middle finger of my right hand, detached from the stalk and remained on the skin of my finger.<\/p>\n\n<p>Instantly, I felt a severe pain resembling that caused by the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cnidoblast\" title=\"Cnidoblast\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">cnidoblast<\/a> of <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coelenterata\" title=\"Coelenterata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coelenterata<\/a>, and I felt as if the toxin were beginning to move rapidly to the blood vessel from the stung area towards my heart. After a while, I experienced a faint <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giddiness\" title=\"Giddiness\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">giddiness<\/a>, difficulty of respiration, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralysis\" title=\"Paralysis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">paralysis<\/a> of the lips, tongue and eyelids, relaxation of muscles in the limbs, was hardly able to speak or control my <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facial_expression\" title=\"Facial expression\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">facial expression<\/a>, and felt almost as if I were going to die. About 15 minutes afterwards, I felt that pains gradually diminish and after about an hour they disappeared completely. But the facial paralysis like that caused by <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cocainization\" title=\"wikt:cocainization\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">cocainization<\/a> continued for about six hours.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em\"><cite class=\"right-aligned\" style=\"\">\u2014<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\">\u200a<\/span><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTsutomu_Fujiwara1935\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Tsutomu Fujiwara (1935). \"On the poisonous pedicellaria of <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck)\". <i>Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses<\/i>. <b>15<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">62\u2013<\/span>68.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annotationes+Zoologicae+Japonenses&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+poisonous+pedicellaria+of+Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=62-68&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.au=Tsutomu+Fujiwara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwApg\">There have been reports of fatalities resulting from flower urchin envenomation.<sup about=\"#mwt237\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-oehme_54-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"oehme\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-oehme-54\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-oehme-54\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApk\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApo\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAps\">[<\/span>54<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwApw\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> One such report was the purported drowning of a <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ama_(diving)\" title=\"Ama (diving)\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAp0\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pearl diver<\/a> after being rendered unconscious from accidental contact with a flower urchin.<sup about=\"#mwt238\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-williamson_55-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"williamson\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-williamson-55\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAp4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAp8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqA\">[<\/span>55<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt241\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-gallagher_56-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"gallagher\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-gallagher-56\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-gallagher-56\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqQ\">[<\/span>56<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt244\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-mitchell2005_57-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"mitchell2005\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-mitchell2005-57\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-mitchell2005-57\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqg\">[<\/span>57<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> But it remains difficult to confirm if these incidents actually occurred since no documentation or details of the deaths have been uncovered so far.<sup about=\"#mwt247\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-williamson_55-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"williamson\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-williamson-55\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-williamson-55\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqo\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqs\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAqw\">[<\/span>55<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAq0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt250\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-WHO_58-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"WHO\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WHO-58\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-WHO-58\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAq4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAq8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArA\">[<\/span>58<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwArI\">Nevertheless, flower urchins are still considered highly dangerous. The severe debilitating pain of the flower urchin sting compounded by muscular paralysis, breathing problems, numbness, and disorientation can result in accidental drowning among divers and swimmers.<sup about=\"#mwt251\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-cook_4-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"cook\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-cook-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArM\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArU\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArY\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt252\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-ds_18-3\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"ds\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArc\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArk\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAro\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt255\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-dahl_59-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"dahl\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-dahl-59\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-dahl-59\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArs\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwArw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAr0\">[<\/span>59<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAr4\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> The flower urchin was named the \"most dangerous sea urchin\" in the 2014 <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAr8\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinness_World_Records\" title=\"Guinness World Records\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsA\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Guinness World Records<\/a><\/i>.<sup about=\"#mwt258\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-Guinness_60-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Guinness\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Guinness-60\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-Guinness-60\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsE\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsI\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsM\">[<\/span>60<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsQ\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"11\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsU\" aria-labelledby=\"Edibility\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Edibility\">Edibility<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsY\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsc\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" resource=\"\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/28\/Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\/250px-Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"188\" width=\"250\" class=\"mw-file-element\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsg\"\/><\/a><figcaption id=\"rdp-we-mwAsk\">Flower urchin from Longdong Bay, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAso\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taiwan<\/a>, with some of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAss\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a> extending past the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellariae\" title=\"Pedicellariae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAsw\" target=\"_new\">pedicellariae<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAs0\">Despite being venomous, flower urchins are sometimes harvested in <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Asia\" title=\"East Asia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAs4\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">East Asia<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAs8\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Southeast Asia<\/a>, and the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Island\" title=\"Pacific Island\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtA\" target=\"_new\">Pacific Islands<\/a> for their <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#As_food\" title=\"Sea urchin\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtE\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">edible gonads<\/a>.<sup about=\"#mwt259\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-samoa_8-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"samoa\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-samoa-8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtI\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtM\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtQ\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtU\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt260\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-rahim_9-1\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"rahim\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-rahim-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtY\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtc\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtg\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtk\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt263\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-tokioka_61-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"tokioka\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-tokioka-61\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-tokioka-61\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAto\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAts\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAtw\">[<\/span>61<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAt0\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup about=\"#mwt266\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-chao_62-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"chao\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-chao-62\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-chao-62\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAt4\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAt8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuA\">[<\/span>62<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuE\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulu_Archipelago\" title=\"Sulu Archipelago\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuI\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sulu Archipelago<\/a> of the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a> and eastern <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sabah\" title=\"Sabah\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sabah<\/a>, <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia\" title=\"Malaysia\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuU\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Malaysia<\/a>, flower urchins are among the species of edible sea urchins used by the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sama-Bajau_peoples\" title=\"Sama-Bajau peoples\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuY\" target=\"_new\">Sama-Bajau<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tausug_people\" title=\"Tausug people\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuc\" target=\"_new\">Tausug<\/a> people to make a traditional delicacy known as <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAug\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oko-oko\" title=\"Oko-oko\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuk\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">oko-oko<\/a><\/i> or <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAuo\">ketupat tehe tehe<\/i>. This is prepared by degutting the test and then filling it with <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glutinous_rice\" title=\"Glutinous rice\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">glutinous rice<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coconut_milk\" title=\"Coconut milk\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAuw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coconut milk<\/a> before boiling.<sup about=\"#mwt267\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-rahim_9-2\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"rahim\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-rahim-9\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAu0\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAu4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAu8\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvA\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvE\" aria-labelledby=\"Other_uses\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Other_uses\">Other uses<\/h3><\/div>\n<p id=\"rdp-we-mwAvI\">In Okinawa, fishermen observed numerous individuals of the predatory <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish\" title=\"Crown-of-thorns starfish\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crown-of-thorns starfish<\/a> (<i id=\"rdp-we-mwAvQ\">Acanthaster planci<\/i>) gathering around the remains of the internal organs of flower urchins.<sup about=\"#mwt270\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-uemara2010_63-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"uemara2010\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-uemara2010-63\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-uemara2010-63\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvU\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvY\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvc\">[<\/span>63<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvg\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup> A follow-up study by Japanese researchers in 2001 confirmed that the <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viscera\" title=\"Viscera\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvk\" target=\"_new\">viscera<\/a> of flower urchins could indeed attract crown-of-thorns starfish in both aquarium and open sea experiments. The attractant compounds were isolated and identified as <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arachidonic_acid\" title=\"Arachidonic acid\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">arachidonic acid<\/a> and <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Linolenic_acid\" title=\"Alpha-Linolenic acid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvs\" target=\"_new\">\u03b1-linolenic acid<\/a>. The authors believe that this discovery may be used to augment population control measures of the crown-of-thorns starfish, which are highly destructive to coral reefs.<sup about=\"#mwt273\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" id=\"rdp-we-cite_ref-starfish_64-0\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/ref\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"starfish\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-starfish-64\"}}'><a href=\"#cite_note-starfish-64\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAvw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAv0\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAv4\">[<\/span>64<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAv8\">]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n<\/section><\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"13\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwA\" aria-labelledby=\"References\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt274\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwE\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Reflist\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Reflist\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"30em\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span><div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\" style=\"column-width: calc( 0.9 * 30em );\" about=\"#mwt274\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwI\"><ol class=\"mw-references references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/references\" about=\"#mwt276\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwM\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"references\",\"attrs\":{\"group\":\"\",\"responsive\":\"0\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"}}'><li about=\"#cite_note-worms-1\" id=\"cite_note-worms-1\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"1\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwQ\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwU\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwY\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwc\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwg\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwk\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAwo\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAws\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAww\">4<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAw0\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAw4\">5<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-worms-1\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt8\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAw8\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite WoRMS\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_WoRMS\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Andreas Kroh\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"id\":{\"wt\":\"123391\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos; (Lamarck, 1816)\"},\"db\":{\"wt\":\"Echinoidea\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAndreas_Kroh2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt8\">Andreas Kroh (2014). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123391\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxA\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwAxE\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck, 1816)\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAxI\">World Echinoidea Database<\/i>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxM\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxU\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Echinoidea+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%2C+1816%29&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Kroh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D123391&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt8\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxY\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-amemiya-2\" id=\"cite_note-amemiya-2\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxc\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-amemiya_2-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxg\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxk\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-amemiya-2\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt12\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxo\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"S. Amemiya\"},\"editor1\":{\"wt\":\"Yukio Yokota\"},\"editor2\":{\"wt\":\"Valeria Matranga\"},\"editor3\":{\"wt\":\"Zuzana Smolenicka\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"The Sea Urchin: From Basic Biology to Aquaculture\"},\"chapter\":{\"wt\":\"Developmental modes and rudiment formation in sea urchins\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"CRC Press\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2002\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"37\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9789058093790\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFS._Amemiya2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt12\">S. Amemiya (2002). \"Developmental modes and rudiment formation in sea urchins\". In Yukio Yokota; Valeria Matranga; Zuzana Smolenicka (eds.). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAxs\">The Sea Urchin: From Basic Biology to Aquaculture<\/i>. CRC Press. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAxw\">\u00a0<\/span>37. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAx0\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAx4\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwAyA\">9789058093790<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Developmental+modes+and+rudiment+formation+in+sea+urchins&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sea+Urchin%3A+From+Basic+Biology+to+Aquaculture&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9789058093790&amp;rft.au=S.+Amemiya&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt12\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyE\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-wtf-3\" id=\"cite_note-wtf-3\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyI\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-wtf_3-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyM\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyQ\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-wtf-3\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt15\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyU\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.whatsthatfish.com\/fish\/flower-urchin\/1122\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Flower Urchin (&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;)\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"WHATSTHATFISH\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyY\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.whatsthatfish.com\/fish\/flower-urchin\/1122\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyc\" target=\"_new\">\"Flower Urchin (<i id=\"rdp-we-mwAyg\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>)\"<\/a>. WHATSTHATFISH. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyo\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flower+Urchin+%28Toxopneustes+pileolus%29&amp;rft.pub=WHATSTHATFISH&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatsthatfish.com%2Ffish%2Fflower-urchin%2F1122&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt15\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAys\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-cook-4\" id=\"cite_note-cook-4\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"4\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAyw\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-cook_4-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAy0\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAy4\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cook_4-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAy8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzA\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cook_4-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzE\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzI\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-cook-4\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt18\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzM\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Gordon C. Cook\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Alimuddin Zumla\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Manson&apos;s Tropical Diseases\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Elsevier Health Sciences\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2008\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"586\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9780702043321\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGordon_C._CookAlimuddin_Zumla2008\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt18\">Gordon C. Cook; Alimuddin Zumla (2008). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwAzQ\">Manson's Tropical Diseases<\/i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzU\">\u00a0<\/span>586. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzY\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzc\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwAzk\">9780702043321<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Manson%27s+Tropical+Diseases&amp;rft.pages=586&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780702043321&amp;rft.au=Gordon+C.+Cook&amp;rft.au=Alimuddin+Zumla&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt18\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzo\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-diverosa-5\" id=\"cite_note-diverosa-5\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzs\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-diverosa_5-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAzw\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAz0\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-diverosa-5\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt21\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAz4\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.diverosa.com\/categories\/Urchins.htm\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Echinoderms, sea urchins\"},\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Rokus Groeneveld\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Sanne Reijs\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Diverosa\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRokus_GroeneveldSanne_Reijs2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt21\">Rokus Groeneveld; Sanne Reijs (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.diverosa.com\/categories\/Urchins.htm\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwAz8\" target=\"_new\">\"Echinoderms, sea urchins\"<\/a>. Diverosa<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0A\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0E\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Echinoderms%2C+sea+urchins&amp;rft.pub=Diverosa&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Rokus+Groeneveld&amp;rft.au=Sanne+Reijs&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diverosa.com%2Fcategories%2FUrchins.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt21\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0I\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-howey-6\" id=\"cite_note-howey-6\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0M\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-howey_6-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0Q\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0U\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-howey-6\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt24\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0Y\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.microscopy-uk.org.uk\/mag\/artaug05\/rh-seaurchin.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Calcareous Flowers: Tests and Cross-Sections of Sea Urchin Spines\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Richard Howey\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2005\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Microscopy UK\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRichard_Howey2005\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt24\">Richard Howey (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.microscopy-uk.org.uk\/mag\/artaug05\/rh-seaurchin.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0c\" target=\"_new\">\"Calcareous Flowers: Tests and Cross-Sections of Sea Urchin Spines\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0k\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Calcareous+Flowers%3A+Tests+and+Cross-Sections+of+Sea+Urchin+Spines&amp;rft.pub=Microscopy+UK&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Richard+Howey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microscopy-uk.org.uk%2Fmag%2Fartaug05%2Frh-seaurchin.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt24\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0o\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-pax-7\" id=\"cite_note-pax-7\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0s\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-pax_7-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA0w\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA00\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-pax-7\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt27\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA04\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/paxtongate.com\/paxton\/sea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Sea Urchin - Mushroom\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Paxton Gate\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129040539\/http:\/\/paxtongate.com\/paxton\/sea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"November 29, 2014\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA08\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129040539\/http:\/\/paxtongate.com\/paxton\/sea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1A\" target=\"_new\">\"Sea Urchin - Mushroom\"<\/a>. Paxton Gate. 2014. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/paxtongate.com\/paxton\/sea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1E\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1I\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1M\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sea+Urchin+-+Mushroom&amp;rft.pub=Paxton+Gate&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaxtongate.com%2Fpaxton%2Fsea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt27\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1Q\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-samoa-8\" id=\"cite_note-samoa-8\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"8\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1U\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-samoa_8-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1Y\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1c\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-samoa_8-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1g\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1k\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-samoa-8\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt30\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1o\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"State of the Environment Report 2006\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Government of Samoa\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2010\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/apps.unep.org\/publications\/pmtdocuments\/-State%20of%20Environment%20Report%20-%20Samoa-2006SoE-Samoa-2006.pdf\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMinistry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment2010\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt30\">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/apps.unep.org\/publications\/pmtdocuments\/-State%20of%20Environment%20Report%20-%20Samoa-2006SoE-Samoa-2006.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA1s\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwA1w\">State of the Environment Report 2006<\/i><\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA10\">(PDF)<\/span>. 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Raymie Nurhasan\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2012\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Edible sea urchin species in Sabah Waters\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Research Bulletin, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"2&amp;ndash;3\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/ir.unimas.my\/569\/1\/Research%20Bulletin-FSTS-Vol1-April2012.pdf\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSiti_Akmar_Khadijah_Ab_Rahim_&amp;_Raymie_Nurhasan2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt33\">Siti Akmar Khadijah Ab Rahim &amp; Raymie Nurhasan (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/ir.unimas.my\/569\/1\/Research%20Bulletin-FSTS-Vol1-April2012.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2c\" target=\"_new\">\"Edible sea urchin species in Sabah Waters\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2g\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA2k\">Research Bulletin, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA2o\">1<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2s\">2\u2013<\/span>3.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Research+Bulletin%2C+Faculty+of+Resource+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=Edible+sea+urchin+species+in+Sabah+Waters&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=2-3&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Siti+Akmar+Khadijah+Ab+Rahim+%26+Raymie+Nurhasan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.unimas.my%2F569%2F1%2FResearch%2520Bulletin-FSTS-Vol1-April2012.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt33\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA2w\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-suzuki-10\" id=\"cite_note-suzuki-10\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"10\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA20\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-suzuki_10-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA24\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA28\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-suzuki_10-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3A\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3E\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-suzuki-10\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt161\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA3I\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Katsumi Suzuki\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Masatsune Takeda\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1974\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"On a parthenopid crab, &apos;&apos;Zebrida adamsii&apos;&apos; 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Palomares\"},\"editor2\":{\"wt\":\"D. Pauly.\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"SeaLifeBase\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129041539\/http:\/\/www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca\/summary\/Toxopneustes-pileolus.html\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"November 29, 2014\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFM.L.D._PalomaresD._Pauly.2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt44\">M.L.D. Palomares; D. Pauly., eds. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129041539\/http:\/\/www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca\/summary\/Toxopneustes-pileolus.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA4w\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwA40\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck, 1816)\"<\/a>. SeaLifeBase. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca\/summary\/Toxopneustes-pileolus.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA44\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA48\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5A\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%2C+1816%29&amp;rft.pub=SeaLifeBase&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca%2Fsummary%2FToxopneustes-pileolus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt44\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5E\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-lh-13\" id=\"cite_note-lh-13\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5I\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-lh_13-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5M\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5Q\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-lh-13\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt47\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5U\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.lhimuseum.com\/species\/view\/172\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Flower Urchin (&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;)\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Lord Howe Island Museum\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt47\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5Y\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lhimuseum.com\/species\/view\/172\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5c\" target=\"_new\">\"Flower Urchin (<i id=\"rdp-we-mwA5g\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>)\"<\/a>. Lord Howe Island Museum<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5k\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5o\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flower+Urchin+%28Toxopneustes+pileolus%29&amp;rft.pub=Lord+Howe+Island+Museum&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhimuseum.com%2Fspecies%2Fview%2F172&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt47\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5s\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-eol-14\" id=\"cite_note-eol-14\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"14\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA5w\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA50\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA54\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA58\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6A\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6E\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6I\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6M\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6Q\">4<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6U\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6Y\">5<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-5\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6c\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6g\">6<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-eol-14\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt104\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6k\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/2985832\/details\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos; - Brief Summary\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Encyclopedia of Life\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric_Ducarme2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt104\">Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/2985832\/details\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6o\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwA6s\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> - Brief Summary\"<\/a>. Encyclopedia of Life<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA6w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA60\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus+-+Brief+Summary&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Life&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Ducarme&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feol.org%2Fpages%2F2985832%2Fdetails&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt104\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA64\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\" id=\"cite_note-Clark-15\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"15\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA68\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Clark_15-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7A\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7E\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clark_15-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7I\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7M\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clark_15-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7Q\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7U\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clark_15-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7Y\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7c\">4<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-Clark-15\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt53\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7g\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Hubert Lyman Clark\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History)\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Oxford University Press\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1925\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"122&amp;ndash;123\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/8313#\/summary\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHubert_Lyman_Clark1925\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt53\">Hubert Lyman Clark (1925). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/8313#\/summary\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7k\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwA7o\">A Catalogue of the Recent Sea-Urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History)<\/i><\/a>. Oxford University Press. pp.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7s\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA7w\">122\u2013<\/span>123.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+the+Recent+Sea-Urchins+%28Echinoidea%29+in+the+Collection+of+the+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29&amp;rft.pages=122-123&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft.au=Hubert+Lyman+Clark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F8313%23%2Fsummary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt53\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA70\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\" id=\"cite_note-hawaiian-16\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"16\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA74\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-hawaiian_16-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA78\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8A\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-hawaiian_16-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8E\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8I\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-hawaiian_16-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8M\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8Q\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-hawaiian-16\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt101\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8U\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Alexander Agassiz\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Hubert Lyman Clark\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1912\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Hawaiian and Other Pacific Echini: The Pedinidae, Phymosomatidae, Stomopneustidae, Echinidae, Temnopleuridae, Strongylocentrotidae, and Echinometridae\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo\u00f6logy at Harvard College\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"34\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"4\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"207&amp;ndash;383\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/archive.org\/download\/hawaiianotherpac00clar\/hawaiianotherpac00clar_bw.pdf\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.5962\/bhl.title.3820\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAlexander_AgassizHubert_Lyman_Clark1912\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt101\">Alexander Agassiz; Hubert Lyman Clark (1912). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/download\/hawaiianotherpac00clar\/hawaiianotherpac00clar_bw.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8Y\" target=\"_new\">\"Hawaiian and Other Pacific Echini: The Pedinidae, Phymosomatidae, Stomopneustidae, Echinidae, Temnopleuridae, Strongylocentrotidae, and Echinometridae\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8c\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA8g\">Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo\u00f6logy at Harvard College<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA8k\">34<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8o\">207\u2013<\/span>383. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8s\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.3820\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA8w\" target=\"_new\">10.5962\/bhl.title.3820<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Museum+of+Comparative+Zo%C3%B6logy+at+Harvard+College&amp;rft.atitle=Hawaiian+and+Other+Pacific+Echini%3A+The+Pedinidae%2C+Phymosomatidae%2C+Stomopneustidae%2C+Echinidae%2C+Temnopleuridae%2C+Strongylocentrotidae%2C+and+Echinometridae&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=207-383&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.3820&amp;rft.au=Alexander+Agassiz&amp;rft.au=Hubert+Lyman+Clark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fhawaiianotherpac00clar%2Fhawaiianotherpac00clar_bw.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt101\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA80\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\" id=\"cite_note-oceana-17\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"17\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA84\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-oceana_17-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA88\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9A\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oceana_17-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9E\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9I\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oceana_17-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9M\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9Q\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oceana_17-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9U\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9Y\">4<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-oceana_17-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9c\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9g\">5<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-oceana-17\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt127\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9k\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/oceana.org\/en\/explore\/marine-wildlife\/flower-urchin\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Flower Urchin &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Marine Animal Encyclopedia\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Oceana\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129144155\/http:\/\/oceana.org\/en\/explore\/marine-wildlife\/flower-urchin\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"November 29, 2014\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMarine_Animal_Encyclopedia2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt127\">Marine Animal Encyclopedia (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129144155\/http:\/\/oceana.org\/en\/explore\/marine-wildlife\/flower-urchin\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9o\" target=\"_new\">\"Flower Urchin <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA9s\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\"<\/a>. Oceana. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/oceana.org\/en\/explore\/marine-wildlife\/flower-urchin\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA9w\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA90\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA94\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flower+Urchin+Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.pub=Oceana&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Marine+Animal+Encyclopedia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceana.org%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fmarine-wildlife%2Fflower-urchin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt127\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA98\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-ds-18\" id=\"cite_note-ds-18\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"18\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-A\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-E\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-I\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-M\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-Q\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-U\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-Y\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-c\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-g\">4<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-ds-18\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt87\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-k\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.destination-scuba.com\/Flower-urchin.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"The Flower urchin has one hell of a nasty sting...\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Destination-Scuba\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt87\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-o\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.destination-scuba.com\/Flower-urchin.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-s\" target=\"_new\">\"The Flower urchin has one hell of a nasty sting...\"<\/a> Destination-Scuba<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-0\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Flower+urchin+has+one+hell+of+a+nasty+sting...&amp;rft.pub=Destination-Scuba&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destination-scuba.com%2FFlower-urchin.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt87\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-4\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\" id=\"cite_note-coppard-19\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"19\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA-8\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_A\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_E\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_I\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_M\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_Q\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_U\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_Y\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_c\">4<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_g\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_k\">5<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-coppard-19\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt79\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_o\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Simon E. Coppard\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Andreas Kroh\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"Andrew B. Smith\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2010\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Acta Zoologica\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"20\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"2\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"1&amp;ndash;24\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2010.00487.x\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/resources-rx\/files\/coppard2010-93123.pdf\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSimon_E._CoppardAndreas_KrohAndrew_B._Smith2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt79\">Simon E. Coppard; Andreas Kroh; Andrew B. Smith (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/resources-rx\/files\/coppard2010-93123.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_s\" target=\"_new\">\"The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_w\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwA_0\">Acta Zoologica<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwA_4\">20<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwA_8\">1\u2013<\/span>24. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAA\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6395.2010.00487.x\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAE\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2010.00487.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Zoologica&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+pedicellariae+in+echinoids%3A+an+arms+race+against+pests+and+parasites&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=1-24&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-6395.2010.00487.x&amp;rft.au=Simon+E.+Coppard&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Kroh&amp;rft.au=Andrew+B.+Smith&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fresources-rx%2Ffiles%2Fcoppard2010-93123.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt79\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAI\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-revechini-20\" id=\"cite_note-revechini-20\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAM\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-revechini_20-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAQ\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAU\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-revechini-20\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt67\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAY\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"}}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAlexander_Agassiz1872\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Alexander Agassiz (1872). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/40080#\/summary\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAc\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwBAg\">Revision of the Echini<\/i><\/a>. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo\u00f6logy at Harvard College. Cambridge University Press.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Revision+of+the+Echini&amp;rft.series=Illustrated+Catalogue+of+the+Museum+of+Comparative+Zo%C3%B6logy+at+Harvard+College&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1872&amp;rft.au=Alexander+Agassiz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F40080%23%2Fsummary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAk\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\" id=\"cite_note-nakagawa2-21\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"21\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAo\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAs\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBAw\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA0\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA4\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBA8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBA\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-nakagawa2-21\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt76\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBE\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"H. Nakagawa\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"T. Hashimoto\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"H. Hayashi\"},\"author4\":{\"wt\":\"M. Shinohara\"},\"author5\":{\"wt\":\"K. Ohura\"},\"author6\":{\"wt\":\"E. Tachikawa\"},\"author7\":{\"wt\":\"T. Kashimoto\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Natural Toxins 2\"},\"chapter\":{\"wt\":\"Isolation of a Novel Lectin from the Globiferous Pedicellariae of the Sea Urchin Toxopneustes Pileolus\"},\"series\":{\"wt\":\"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1996\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"391\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"213&amp;ndash;223\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_14\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"8726059\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"978-1-4613-8016-0\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFH._NakagawaT._HashimotoH._HayashiM._Shinohara1996\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt76\">H. Nakagawa; T. Hashimoto; H. Hayashi; M. Shinohara; K. Ohura; E. Tachikawa; T. Kashimoto (1996). \"Isolation of a Novel Lectin from the Globiferous Pedicellariae of the Sea Urchin Toxopneustes Pileolus\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBBI\">Natural Toxins 2<\/i>. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBM\">\u00a0<\/span>391. pp.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBQ\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBU\">213\u2013<\/span>223. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBY\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0361-9_14\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBc\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_14<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBg\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBk\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBBs\">978-1-4613-8016-0<\/bdi>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBBw\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBB0\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8726059\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBB4\" target=\"_new\">8726059<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+Novel+Lectin+from+the+Globiferous+Pedicellariae+of+the+Sea+Urchin+Toxopneustes+Pileolus&amp;rft.btitle=Natural+Toxins+2&amp;rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&amp;rft.pages=213-223&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8726059&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0361-9_14&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4613-8016-0&amp;rft.au=H.+Nakagawa&amp;rft.au=T.+Hashimoto&amp;rft.au=H.+Hayashi&amp;rft.au=M.+Shinohara&amp;rft.au=K.+Ohura&amp;rft.au=E.+Tachikawa&amp;rft.au=T.+Kashimoto&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt76\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBB8\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-ingolf-22\" id=\"cite_note-ingolf-22\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCA\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ingolf_22-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCE\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCI\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-ingolf-22\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt82\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCM\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"The Danish Ingolf-Expedition Volume IV Part 1\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"H. Hagerup\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1903\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"135&amp;ndash;136\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/6547#\/summary\"},\"author-link\":{\"wt\":\"Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFOle_Theodor_Jensen_Mortensen1903\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt82\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ole_Theodor_Jensen_Mortensen\" title=\"Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCQ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen<\/a> (1903). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/6547#\/summary\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCU\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwBCY\">The Danish Ingolf-Expedition Volume IV Part 1<\/i><\/a>. H. Hagerup. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCc\">\u00a0<\/span>135<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCg\">\u2013<\/span>136.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Danish+Ingolf-Expedition+Volume+IV+Part+1&amp;rft.pages=135-136&amp;rft.pub=H.+Hagerup&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.au=Ole+Theodor+Jensen+Mortensen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F6547%23%2Fsummary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt82\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCk\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-edo-23\" id=\"cite_note-edo-23\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"23\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCo\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-edo_23-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCs\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBCw\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-edo_23-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBC0\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBC4\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-edo-23\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt90\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBC8\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Kozue Edo\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Study on a pedicellarial venom lectin from the sea urchin &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;, in the coast of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp\/repository\/file\/106088\/20140806091135\/LID201408061001.pdf\"},\"access-date\":{\"wt\":\"2014-11-23\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129052043\/http:\/\/www.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp\/repository\/file\/106088\/20140806091135\/LID201408061001.pdf\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"2014-11-29\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKozue_Edo2014\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt90\">Kozue Edo (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129052043\/http:\/\/www.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp\/repository\/file\/106088\/20140806091135\/LID201408061001.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDA\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwBDE\">Study on a pedicellarial venom lectin from the sea urchin <\/i>Toxopneustes pileolus<i id=\"rdp-we-mwBDI\">, in the coast of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan<\/i><\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDM\">(PDF)<\/span>. Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp\/repository\/file\/106088\/20140806091135\/LID201408061001.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDQ\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDU\">(PDF)<\/span> on 2014-11-29<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDY\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDc\">2014-11-23<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Study+on+a+pedicellarial+venom+lectin+from+the+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+pileolus%2C+in+the+coast+of+Tokushima+Prefecture%2C+Japan&amp;rft.pub=Graduate+School+of+Integrated+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+The+University+of+Tokushima&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Kozue+Edo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp%2Frepository%2Ffile%2F106088%2F20140806091135%2FLID201408061001.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt90\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDg\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-shimek-24\" id=\"cite_note-shimek-24\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"24\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDk\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-shimek_24-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDo\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDs\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-shimek_24-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBDw\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBD0\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-shimek-24\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt93\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBD4\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.reefs.org\/library\/aquarium_net\/0497\/0497_1.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"There is No Reason to Be Spineless\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Ronald L. Shimek\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"1997\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Reefs.org\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160303222914\/http:\/\/www.reefs.org\/library\/aquarium_net\/0497\/0497_1.html\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"March 3, 2016\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRonald_L._Shimek1997\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt93\">Ronald L. Shimek (1997). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160303222914\/http:\/\/www.reefs.org\/library\/aquarium_net\/0497\/0497_1.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBD8\" target=\"_new\">\"There is No Reason to Be Spineless\"<\/a>. Reefs.org. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reefs.org\/library\/aquarium_net\/0497\/0497_1.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEA\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on March 3, 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEE\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEI\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=There+is+No+Reason+to+Be+Spineless&amp;rft.pub=Reefs.org&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.au=Ronald+L.+Shimek&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefs.org%2Flibrary%2Faquarium_net%2F0497%2F0497_1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt93\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEM\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-ferreira-25\" id=\"cite_note-ferreira-25\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"25\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEQ\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-ferreira_25-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEU\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEY\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ferreira_25-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEc\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEg\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-ferreira-25\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt97\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEk\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.reefsmagazine.com\/forum\/reefs-magazine\/56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"When Beauty Turns to Beast And Hell Breaks Loose in the Reef System\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Pedro Nu\u00f1o Ferreira\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Reefs Magazine\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129174027\/http:\/\/www.reefsmagazine.com\/forum\/reefs-magazine\/56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"November 29, 2014\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPedro_Nu\u00f1o_Ferreira\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt97\">Pedro Nu\u00f1o Ferreira. <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129174027\/http:\/\/www.reefsmagazine.com\/forum\/reefs-magazine\/56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEo\" target=\"_new\">\"When Beauty Turns to Beast And Hell Breaks Loose in the Reef System\"<\/a>. Reefs Magazine. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reefsmagazine.com\/forum\/reefs-magazine\/56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEs\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBEw\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBE0\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=When+Beauty+Turns+to+Beast+And+Hell+Breaks+Loose+in+the+Reef+System&amp;rft.pub=Reefs+Magazine&amp;rft.au=Pedro+Nu%C3%B1o+Ferreira&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefsmagazine.com%2Fforum%2Freefs-magazine%2F56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt97\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBE4\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-mah-26\" id=\"cite_note-mah-26\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"26\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBE8\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFA\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFE\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFI\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFM\">2<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-2\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFQ\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFU\">3<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-3\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFc\">4<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-4\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFg\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFk\">5<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-mah-26\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt183\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFo\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/echinoblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/what-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"What we know about the world&apos;s most venomous sea urchin &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes&apos;&apos; fits in this blog post!\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Christopher Mah\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"February 4, 2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Echinoblog\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFChristopher_Mah2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt183\">Christopher Mah (February 4, 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/echinoblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/what-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBFs\" target=\"_new\">\"What we know about the world's most venomous sea urchin <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBFw\">Toxopneustes<\/i> fits in this blog post!\"<\/a>. Echinoblog<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBF0\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBF4\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+we+know+about+the+world%27s+most+venomous+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+fits+in+this+blog+post%21&amp;rft.pub=Echinoblog&amp;rft.date=2014-02-04&amp;rft.au=Christopher+Mah&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechinoblog.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fwhat-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt183\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBF8\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-halstead-27\" id=\"cite_note-halstead-27\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"27\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGA\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-halstead_27-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGE\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGI\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-halstead_27-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGM\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGQ\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-halstead-27\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt226\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGU\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Bruce W. Halstead\"},\"editor1\":{\"wt\":\"Wolfgang B\u00fccherl\"},\"editor2\":{\"wt\":\"Eleanor E. Buckley\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Volume III - Venomous Invertebrates\"},\"chapter\":{\"wt\":\"Venomous Echinoderms and Annelids\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Academic Press, Inc\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2013\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"427&amp;ndash;431\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9781483262895\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBruce_W._Halstead2013\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt226\">Bruce W. Halstead (2013). \"Venomous Echinoderms and Annelids\". In Wolfgang B\u00fccherl; Eleanor E. Buckley (eds.). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBGY\">Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Volume III - Venomous Invertebrates<\/i>. Academic Press, Inc. pp.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGc\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGg\">427\u2013<\/span>431. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGk\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBGo\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBGw\">9781483262895<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Venomous+Echinoderms+and+Annelids&amp;rft.btitle=Venomous+Animals+and+Their+Venoms%3A+Volume+III+-+Venomous+Invertebrates&amp;rft.pages=427-431&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Inc&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9781483262895&amp;rft.au=Bruce+W.+Halstead&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt226\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBG0\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-Fujiwara-28\" id=\"cite_note-Fujiwara-28\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"28\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBG4\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Fujiwara_28-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBG8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHA\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fujiwara_28-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHE\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHI\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-Fujiwara-28\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt229\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHM\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Tsutomu Fujiwara\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1935\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"On the poisonous pedicellaria of &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos; (Lamarck)\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"15\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"1\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"62&amp;ndash;68\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-mwAA\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt229\" data-x-id=\"CITEREFTsutomu_Fujiwara1935\">Tsutomu Fujiwara (1935). \"On the poisonous pedicellaria of <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBHQ\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck)\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBHU\">Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBHY\">15<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHc\">62\u2013<\/span>68.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annotationes+Zoologicae+Japonenses&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+poisonous+pedicellaria+of+Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=62-68&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.au=Tsutomu+Fujiwara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt229\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHg\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-atj-29\" id=\"cite_note-atj-29\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"29\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHk\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-atj_29-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHo\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHs\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atj_29-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBHw\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBH0\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-atj-29\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt130\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBH4\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/atj.net.au\/marineaquaria\/Toxopneustes_pileolus.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Andrew Trevor-Jones\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2008\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"ATJ&apos;s Marine Aquarium Site\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAndrew_Trevor-Jones2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt130\">Andrew Trevor-Jones (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/atj.net.au\/marineaquaria\/Toxopneustes_pileolus.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBH8\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwBIA\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBII\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.pub=ATJ%27s+Marine+Aquarium+Site&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Trevor-Jones&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatj.net.au%2Fmarineaquaria%2FToxopneustes_pileolus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt130\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIM\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-cook2-30\" id=\"cite_note-cook2-30\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIQ\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-cook2_30-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIU\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIY\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-cook2-30\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt134\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIc\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/cookislands.bishopmuseum.org\/species.asp?id=14437\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos; Flower Urchin\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Gerald McCormack\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2007\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGerald_McCormack2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt134\">Gerald McCormack (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/cookislands.bishopmuseum.org\/species.asp?id=14437\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIg\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwBIk\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> Flower Urchin\"<\/a>. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIo\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIs\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus+Flower+Urchin&amp;rft.pub=Cook+Islands+Biodiversity+Database%2C+Version+2007.2.+Cook+Islands+Natural+Heritage+Trust&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Gerald+McCormack&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcookislands.bishopmuseum.org%2Fspecies.asp%3Fid%3D14437&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt134\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBIw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-31\" id=\"cite_note-31\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBI0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBI4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBI8\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-31\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt137\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Cite web \",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2018-03-30\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Flower Sea Urchin\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/mexican-fish.com\/flower-sea-urchin\/\"},\"access-date\":{\"wt\":\"2022-11-29\"},\"website\":{\"wt\":\"Mexico - Fish, Birds, Crabs, Marine Life, Shells and Terrestrial Life\"},\"language\":{\"wt\":\"en-US\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt137\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJE\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/mexican-fish.com\/flower-sea-urchin\/\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJI\" target=\"_new\">\"Flower Sea Urchin\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBJM\">Mexico - Fish, Birds, Crabs, Marine Life, Shells and Terrestrial Life<\/i>. 2018-03-30<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJU\">2022-11-29<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mexico+-+Fish%2C+Birds%2C+Crabs%2C+Marine+Life%2C+Shells+and+Terrestrial+Life&amp;rft.atitle=Flower+Sea+Urchin&amp;rft.date=2018-03-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexican-fish.com%2Fflower-sea-urchin%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt137\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJY\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-debeer-32\" id=\"cite_note-debeer-32\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"32\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJc\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-debeer_32-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJg\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJk\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-debeer_32-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJo\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJs\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-debeer-32\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt143\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJw\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"M. de Beer\"},\"editor1\":{\"wt\":\"C. De Ridder\"},\"editor2\":{\"wt\":\"P. Dubois\"},\"editor3\":{\"wt\":\"M.-C. Lahaye\"},\"editor4\":{\"wt\":\"M. Jangoux\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Echinoderm Research\"},\"chapter\":{\"wt\":\"Distribution patterns of regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) across the Spermonde Shelf, SW Sulawesi (Indonesia)\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"CRC Press\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1990\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"165&amp;ndash;169\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9789061911418\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFM._de_Beer1990\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt143\">M. de Beer (1990). \"Distribution patterns of regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) across the Spermonde Shelf, SW Sulawesi (Indonesia)\". In C. De Ridder; P. Dubois; M.-C. Lahaye; M. Jangoux (eds.). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBJ0\">Echinoderm Research<\/i>. CRC Press. pp.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJ4\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBJ8\">165\u2013<\/span>169. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKA\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKE\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBKM\">9789061911418<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Distribution+patterns+of+regular+sea+urchins+%28Echinodermata%3A+Echinoidea%29+across+the+Spermonde+Shelf%2C+SW+Sulawesi+%28Indonesia%29&amp;rft.btitle=Echinoderm+Research&amp;rft.pages=165-169&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=9789061911418&amp;rft.au=M.+de+Beer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt143\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKQ\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-Goemans-33\" id=\"cite_note-Goemans-33\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKU\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Goemans_33-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKc\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-Goemans-33\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt148\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.saltcorner.com\/AquariumLibrary\/browsespecies.php?CritterID=3142\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Bob Goemans\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2012\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Saltcorner\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBob_Goemans2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt148\">Bob Goemans (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.saltcorner.com\/AquariumLibrary\/browsespecies.php?CritterID=3142\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKk\" target=\"_new\">\"<i id=\"rdp-we-mwBKo\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBKw\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.pub=Saltcorner&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Bob+Goemans&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saltcorner.com%2FAquariumLibrary%2Fbrowsespecies.php%3FCritterID%3D3142&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt148\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBK0\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-bos-34\" id=\"cite_note-bos-34\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBK4\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-bos_34-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBK8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBLA\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-bos-34\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt152\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBLE\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Arthur R. 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Dorling Kindersley. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBS4\">\u00a0<\/span>310. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBS8\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTA\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBTI\">9781465436207<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ocean%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide&amp;rft.pages=310&amp;rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9781465436207&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt190\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTM\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-james-45\" id=\"cite_note-james-45\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTQ\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-james_45-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTU\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTY\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-james-45\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt197\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTc\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"D. W. James\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2000\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Diet, movement, and covering behavior of the sea urchin &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes roseus&apos;&apos; in rhodolith beds in the Gulf of California, M\u00e9xico\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Marine Biology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"137\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"5\u20136\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"913&amp;ndash;923\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1007\/s002270000423\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2000MarBi.137..913J\"},\"s2cid\":{\"wt\":\"83820817\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFD._W._James2000\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt197\">D. W. James (2000). \"Diet, movement, and covering behavior of the sea urchin <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBTg\">Toxopneustes roseus<\/i> in rhodolith beds in the Gulf of California, M\u00e9xico\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBTk\">Marine Biology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBTo\">137<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTs\">5\u2013<\/span>6): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBTw\">913\u2013<\/span>923. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBT0\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2000MarBi.137..913J\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBT4\" target=\"_new\">2000MarBi.137..913J<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBT8\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs002270000423\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUA\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s002270000423<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUE\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUI\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:83820817\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUM\" target=\"_new\">83820817<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Diet%2C+movement%2C+and+covering+behavior+of+the+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+roseus+in+rhodolith+beds+in+the+Gulf+of+California%2C+M%C3%A9xico&amp;rft.volume=137&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&amp;rft.pages=913-923&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83820817%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002270000423&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MarBi.137..913J&amp;rft.au=D.+W.+James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt197\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUQ\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-sigg-46\" id=\"cite_note-sigg-46\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUU\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-sigg_46-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUc\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-sigg-46\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt201\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Jessica E. Sigg\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Karena M. Lloyd-Knight\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"Jean Geary Boal\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2007\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"UV radiation influences covering behaviour in the urchin &apos;&apos;Lytechinus variegatus&apos;&apos;\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"87\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"5\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"1257&amp;ndash;1261\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1017\/s0025315407055865\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2007JMBUK..87.1257S\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJessica_E._SiggKarena_M._Lloyd-KnightJean_Geary_Boal2007\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt201\">Jessica E. Sigg; Karena M. Lloyd-Knight; Jean Geary Boal (2007). \"UV radiation influences covering behaviour in the urchin <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBUk\">Lytechinus variegatus<\/i>\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBUo\">Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBUs\">87<\/b> (5): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBUw\">1257\u2013<\/span>1261. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBU0\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2007JMBUK..87.1257S\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBU4\" target=\"_new\">2007JMBUK..87.1257S<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBU8\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2Fs0025315407055865\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVA\" target=\"_new\">10.1017\/s0025315407055865<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Marine+Biological+Association+of+the+United+Kingdom&amp;rft.atitle=UV+radiation+influences+covering+behaviour+in+the+urchin+Lytechinus+variegatus&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1257-1261&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025315407055865&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JMBUK..87.1257S&amp;rft.au=Jessica+E.+Sigg&amp;rft.au=Karena+M.+Lloyd-Knight&amp;rft.au=Jean+Geary+Boal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt201\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVE\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-yokota-47\" id=\"cite_note-yokota-47\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVI\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-yokota_47-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVM\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVQ\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-yokota-47\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt204\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVU\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Yukio Yokota\"},\"editor\":{\"wt\":\"Valeria Matranga\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Echinodermata\"},\"chapter\":{\"wt\":\"Bioresources from Echinoderms\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Springer Science &amp; Business Media\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2005\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"257\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9783540244028\"},\"chapter-url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/preview-2014\/files\/assets\/basic-html\/page4.html\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFYukio_Yokota2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt204\">Yukio Yokota (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/preview-2014\/files\/assets\/basic-html\/page4.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVY\" target=\"_new\">\"Bioresources from Echinoderms\"<\/a>. In Valeria Matranga (ed.). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBVc\">Echinodermata<\/i>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVg\">\u00a0<\/span>257. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVk\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBVo\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBVw\">9783540244028<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Bioresources+from+Echinoderms&amp;rft.btitle=Echinodermata&amp;rft.pages=257&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=9783540244028&amp;rft.au=Yukio+Yokota&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fpreview-2014%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt204\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBV0\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-sewell-48\" id=\"cite_note-sewell-48\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBV4\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-sewell_48-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBV8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWA\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-sewell-48\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt207\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWE\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.advancedaquarist.com\/2007\/9\/aafeature1\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Feature Article: Toxins, Venoms and Inhibitory Chemicals in Marine Organisms\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Aaron Sewell\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"September 2007\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Advanced Aquarist Volume IV. CoralScience.org\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"},\"archive-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129085831\/http:\/\/www.advancedaquarist.com\/2007\/9\/aafeature1\"},\"archive-date\":{\"wt\":\"November 29, 2014\"},\"url-status\":{\"wt\":\"dead\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAaron_Sewell2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt207\">Aaron Sewell (September 2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129085831\/http:\/\/www.advancedaquarist.com\/2007\/9\/aafeature1\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWI\" target=\"_new\">\"Feature Article: Toxins, Venoms and Inhibitory Chemicals in Marine Organisms\"<\/a>. Advanced Aquarist Volume IV. CoralScience.org. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.advancedaquarist.com\/2007\/9\/aafeature1\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWM\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWU\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Feature+Article%3A+Toxins%2C+Venoms+and+Inhibitory+Chemicals+in+Marine+Organisms&amp;rft.pub=Advanced+Aquarist+Volume+IV.+CoralScience.org&amp;rft.date=2007-09&amp;rft.au=Aaron+Sewell&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advancedaquarist.com%2F2007%2F9%2Faafeature1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt207\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWY\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-farley-49\" id=\"cite_note-farley-49\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWc\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-farley_49-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWg\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWk\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-farley-49\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt210\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWo\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/reefkeeping.com\/issues\/2004-08\/rhf\/index.php\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Sea Urchins: A Chemical Perspective\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Randy Holmes-Farley\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"2008\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Reefkeeping\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 23, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRandy_Holmes-Farley2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt210\">Randy Holmes-Farley (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/reefkeeping.com\/issues\/2004-08\/rhf\/index.php\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBWs\" target=\"_new\">\"Sea Urchins: A Chemical Perspective\"<\/a>. 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Nakagawa\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"A.T. Tu\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"A. Kimura\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1991\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Purification and characterization of Contractin A from the pedicellarial venom of sea urchin, &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"284\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"2\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"279&amp;ndash;284\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1016\/0003-9861(91)90296-u\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"1989511\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFH._NakagawaA.T._TuA._Kimura1991\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt213\">H. Nakagawa; A.T. Tu; A. 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Zhang\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"J. Abe\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"A. Siddiq\"},\"author4\":{\"wt\":\"H. Nakagawa\"},\"author5\":{\"wt\":\"S. Honda\"},\"author6\":{\"wt\":\"T. Wada\"},\"author7\":{\"wt\":\"S. Ichida\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2001\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"UT841 purified from sea urchin (&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;) venom inhibits time-dependent &lt;sup>45&lt;\/sup>Ca&lt;sup>2+&lt;\/sup> uptake in crude synaptosome fraction from chick brain\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Toxicon\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"39\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"8\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"1223&amp;ndash;1229\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1016\/s0041-0101(00)00267-1\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"11306134\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFY._ZhangJ._AbeA._SiddiqH._Nakagawa2001\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt219\">Y. Zhang; J. Abe; A. Siddiq; H. Nakagawa; S. Honda; T. Wada; S. 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Kozue Edo; Hideyuki Nakagawa; Mitsuko Shinohara; Rie Nishiitsutsuji; Kiyoshi Ohura (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.intaquares.com\/content\/pdf\/2008-6970-5-12.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBaE\" target=\"_new\">\"Isolation and partial characterization of a L-rhamnose-binding lectin from the globiferous pedicellariae of the toxopneustid sea urchin, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBaI\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBaM\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBaQ\">International Aquatic Research<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBaU\">5<\/b> (12): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBaY\">1\u2013<\/span>10. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBac\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013InAqR...5...12S\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBag\" target=\"_new\">2013InAqR...5...12S<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBak\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBao\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2F2008-6970-5-12\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBas\" target=\"_new\">10.1186\/2008-6970-5-12<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Aquatic+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+and+partial+characterization+of+a+L-rhamnose-binding+lectin+from+the+globiferous+pedicellariae+of+the+toxopneustid+sea+urchin%2C+Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2008-6970-5-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013InAqR...5...12S&amp;rft.au=Hitomi+Sakai&amp;rft.au=Kozue+Edo&amp;rft.au=Hideyuki+Nakagawa&amp;rft.au=Mitsuko+Shinohara&amp;rft.au=Rie+Nishiitsutsuji&amp;rft.au=Kiyoshi+Ohura&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intaquares.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F2008-6970-5-12.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt222\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBaw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-oehme-54\" id=\"cite_note-oehme-54\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBa0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-oehme_54-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBa4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBa8\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-oehme-54\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt235\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Frederick W. 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CRC Press. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbI\">\u00a0<\/span>1012. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbM\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbQ\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBbY\">9780849337789<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Plant+and+Animal+Toxins&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+and+Methods+of+Toxicology%2C+Fifth+Edition&amp;rft.pages=1012&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=9780849337789&amp;rft.au=Frederick+W.+Oehme&amp;rft.au=Daniel+E.+Keyler&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt235\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbc\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-williamson-55\" id=\"cite_note-williamson-55\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"55\"><span rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbg\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-williamson_55-0\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbk\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbo\">1<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-williamson_55-1\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbs\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBbw\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-williamson-55\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt245\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBb0\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"John A. Williamson\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Joseph W. Burnett\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"Peter J. Fenner\"},\"author4\":{\"wt\":\"Jacquie F. Rifkin\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"UNSW Press\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1996\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"322\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9780868402796\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJohn_A._WilliamsonJoseph_W._BurnettPeter_J._FennerJacquie_F._Rifkin1996\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt245\">John A. Williamson; Joseph W. Burnett; Peter J. Fenner; Jacquie F. Rifkin (1996). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBb4\">Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook<\/i>. UNSW Press. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBb8\">\u00a0<\/span>322. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcA\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcE\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBcM\">9780868402796<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Venomous+and+Poisonous+Marine+Animals%3A+A+Medical+and+Biological+Handbook&amp;rft.pages=322&amp;rft.pub=UNSW+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9780868402796&amp;rft.au=John+A.+Williamson&amp;rft.au=Joseph+W.+Burnett&amp;rft.au=Peter+J.+Fenner&amp;rft.au=Jacquie+F.+Rifkin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt245\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcQ\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-gallagher-56\" id=\"cite_note-gallagher-56\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcU\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-gallagher_56-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcc\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-gallagher-56\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt239\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/770053-clinical\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Echinoderm Envenomation Clinical Presentation\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Scott A. Gallagher\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Medscape\"},\"accessdate\":{\"wt\":\"November 22, 2014\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFScott_A._Gallagher\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt239\">Scott A. Gallagher. <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/770053-clinical\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBck\" target=\"_new\">\"Echinoderm Envenomation Clinical Presentation\"<\/a>. Medscape<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBco\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcs\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Echinoderm+Envenomation+Clinical+Presentation&amp;rft.pub=Medscape&amp;rft.au=Scott+A.+Gallagher&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F770053-clinical&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt239\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBcw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-mitchell2005-57\" id=\"cite_note-mitchell2005-57\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBc0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-mitchell2005_57-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBc4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBc8\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-mitchell2005-57\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt242\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Elizabeth Mitchell\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Ron Medzon\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Introduction to Emergency Medicine\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2005\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"513\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9780781732000\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFElizabeth_MitchellRon_Medzon2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt242\">Elizabeth Mitchell; Ron Medzon (2005). <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBdE\">Introduction to Emergency Medicine<\/i>. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdI\">\u00a0<\/span>513. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdM\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdQ\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBdY\">9780781732000<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Emergency+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=513&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=9780781732000&amp;rft.au=Elizabeth+Mitchell&amp;rft.au=Ron+Medzon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt242\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdc\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-WHO-58\" id=\"cite_note-WHO-58\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdg\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-WHO_58-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdk\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdo\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-WHO-58\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt248\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBds\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"World Health Organization\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 1: Coastal and fresh waters\"},\"chapter\":{\"wt\":\"Dangerous Aquatic Organisms\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"World Health Organization\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2003\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"184\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"978-9241545808\"},\"chapter-url\":{\"wt\":\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/bathing\/srwe1-chap11.pdf\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt248\">World Health Organization (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/bathing\/srwe1-chap11.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBdw\" target=\"_new\">\"Dangerous Aquatic Organisms\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBd0\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBd4\">Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 1: Coastal and fresh waters<\/i>. World Health Organization. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBd8\">\u00a0<\/span>184. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBeA\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBeE\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBeM\">978-9241545808<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Dangerous+Aquatic+Organisms&amp;rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+safe+recreational+water+environments.+Volume+1%3A+Coastal+and+fresh+waters&amp;rft.pages=184&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-9241545808&amp;rft.au=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater_sanitation_health%2Fbathing%2Fsrwe1-chap11.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt248\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBeQ\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-dahl-59\" id=\"cite_note-dahl-59\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBeU\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-dahl_59-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBeY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBec\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-dahl-59\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt253\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBeg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"William J Dahl\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Peter Jebson\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"Dean S Louis\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2010\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Sea urchin injuries to the hand: a case report and review of the literature\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Iowa Orthopaedic Journal\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"30\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"153&amp;ndash;156\"},\"pmc\":{\"wt\":\"2958287\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"21045988\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilliam_J_DahlPeter_JebsonDean_S_Louis2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt253\">William J Dahl; Peter Jebson; Dean S Louis (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2958287\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBek\" target=\"_new\">\"Sea urchin injuries to the hand: a case report and review of the literature\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBeo\">Iowa Orthopaedic Journal<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBes\">30<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBew\">153\u2013<\/span>156. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBe0\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBe4\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBe8\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2958287\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfA\" target=\"_new\">2958287<\/a><\/span>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfE\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfI\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21045988\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfM\" target=\"_new\">21045988<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Iowa+Orthopaedic+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Sea+urchin+injuries+to+the+hand%3A+a+case+report+and+review+of+the+literature&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=153-156&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2958287%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21045988&amp;rft.au=William+J+Dahl&amp;rft.au=Peter+Jebson&amp;rft.au=Dean+S+Louis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2958287&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt253\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfQ\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-Guinness-60\" id=\"cite_note-Guinness-60\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfU\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-Guinness_60-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfY\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfc\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-Guinness-60\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt256\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite book\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_book\"},\"params\":{\"editor\":{\"wt\":\"Craig Glenday\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Guinness World Records 2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Bantam\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2014\"},\"page\":{\"wt\":\"30\"},\"isbn\":{\"wt\":\"9780553390551\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/preview-2014\/files\/assets\/basic-html\/page4.html\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCraig_Glenday2014\" class=\"citation book cs1\" about=\"#mwt256\">Craig Glenday, ed. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/preview-2014\/files\/assets\/basic-html\/page4.html\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfk\" target=\"_new\"><i id=\"rdp-we-mwBfo\">Guinness World Records 2014<\/i><\/a>. Bantam. p.<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfs\">\u00a0<\/span>30. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBfw\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBf0\">\u00a0<\/span><bdi id=\"rdp-we-mwBf8\">9780553390551<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2014&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.pub=Bantam&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9780553390551&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fpreview-2014%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt256\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgA\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-tokioka-61\" id=\"cite_note-tokioka-61\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgE\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-tokioka_61-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgI\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgM\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-tokioka-61\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt261\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Takasi Tokioka\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"1963\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Supposed effects of the cold weather of the winter 1962&amp;ndash;63 upon the intertidal fauna in the vicinity of Seto\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"11\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"2\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"415&amp;ndash;424\"},\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/dspace\/bitstream\/2433\/175332\/1\/fia0112_415.pdf\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.5134\/175332\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTakasi_Tokioka1963\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt261\">Takasi Tokioka (1963). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/dspace\/bitstream\/2433\/175332\/1\/fia0112_415.pdf\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgU\" target=\"_new\">\"Supposed effects of the cold weather of the winter 1962<span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgY\">\u2013<\/span>63 upon the intertidal fauna in the vicinity of Seto\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgc\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBgg\">Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBgk\">11<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgo\">415\u2013<\/span>424. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgs\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5134%2F175332\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBgw\" target=\"_new\">10.5134\/175332<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Seto+Marine+Biological+Laboratory&amp;rft.atitle=Supposed+effects+of+the+cold+weather+of+the+winter+1962%26ndash%3B63+upon+the+intertidal+fauna+in+the+vicinity+of+Seto&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=415-424&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5134%2F175332&amp;rft.au=Takasi+Tokioka&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2433%2F175332%2F1%2Ffia0112_415.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt261\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBg0\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-chao-62\" id=\"cite_note-chao-62\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBg4\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-chao_62-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBg8\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhA\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-chao-62\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt264\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhE\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Shyh-Min Chao\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Bang-Chin Chen\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2012\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"High density of flower urchin, &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;, in Houbihu Lagoon, Southern Taiwan\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Platax\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"9\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"77&amp;ndash;81\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.29926\/PLATAX.201212.0006\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFShyh-Min_ChaoBang-Chin_Chen2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt264\">Shyh-Min Chao; Bang-Chin Chen (2012). \"High density of flower urchin, <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBhI\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>, in Houbihu Lagoon, Southern Taiwan\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBhM\">Platax<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBhQ\">9<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhU\">77\u2013<\/span>81. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhY\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29926%2FPLATAX.201212.0006\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhc\" target=\"_new\">10.29926\/PLATAX.201212.0006<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Platax&amp;rft.atitle=High+density+of+flower+urchin%2C+Toxopneustes+pileolus%2C+in+Houbihu+Lagoon%2C+Southern+Taiwan&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=77-81&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29926%2FPLATAX.201212.0006&amp;rft.au=Shyh-Min+Chao&amp;rft.au=Bang-Chin+Chen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt264\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhg\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-uemara2010-63\" id=\"cite_note-uemara2010-63\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhk\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-uemara2010_63-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBho\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhs\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-uemara2010-63\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt268\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBhw\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Daisuke Uemura\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2010\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Exploratory research on bioactive natural products with a focus on biological phenomena\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"86\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"3\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"190&amp;ndash;201\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.2183\/pjab.86.190\"},\"pmc\":{\"wt\":\"3417845\"},\"pmid\":{\"wt\":\"20228620\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2010PJAB...86..190U\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDaisuke_Uemura2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt268\">Daisuke Uemura (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3417845\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBh0\" target=\"_new\">\"Exploratory research on bioactive natural products with a focus on biological phenomena\"<\/a>. <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBh4\">Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBh8\">86<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiA\">190\u2013<\/span>201. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiE\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010PJAB...86..190U\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiI\" target=\"_new\">2010PJAB...86..190U<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiM\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2183%2Fpjab.86.190\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiQ\" target=\"_new\">10.2183\/pjab.86.190<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiU\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiY\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBic\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3417845\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBig\" target=\"_new\">3417845<\/a><\/span>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBik\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a><span typeof=\"mw:Entity\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBio\">\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20228620\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBis\" target=\"_new\">20228620<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Japan+Academy%2C+Series+B%3A+Physical+and+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Exploratory+research+on+bioactive+natural+products+with+a+focus+on+biological+phenomena&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=190-201&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3417845%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20228620&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2183%2Fpjab.86.190&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PJAB...86..190U&amp;rft.au=Daisuke+Uemura&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3417845&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt268\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBiw\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li about=\"#cite_note-starfish-64\" id=\"cite_note-starfish-64\" data-mw-footnote-number=\"64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBi0\"><a href=\"#cite_ref-starfish_64-0\" rel=\"mw:referencedBy\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBi4\"><span class=\"mw-linkback-text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBi8\">\u2191<\/span><\/a><\/span> <span id=\"rdp-we-mw-reference-text-cite_note-starfish-64\" class=\"mw-reference-text reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt271\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite journal\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_journal\"},\"params\":{\"author1\":{\"wt\":\"Toshiaki Teruya\"},\"author2\":{\"wt\":\"Kiyotake Suenaga\"},\"author3\":{\"wt\":\"Tomoyuki Koyama\"},\"author4\":{\"wt\":\"Yoshikatsu Nakano\"},\"author5\":{\"wt\":\"Daisuke Uemura\"},\"year\":{\"wt\":\"2001\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"Arachidonic acid and \u03b1-linolenic acid, feeding attractants for the crown-of-thorns sea star &apos;&apos;Acanthaster planci&apos;&apos;, from the sea urchin &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes pileolus&apos;&apos;\"},\"journal\":{\"wt\":\"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology\"},\"volume\":{\"wt\":\"266\"},\"issue\":{\"wt\":\"2\"},\"pages\":{\"wt\":\"123&amp;ndash;134\"},\"doi\":{\"wt\":\"10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00337-9\"},\"bibcode\":{\"wt\":\"2001JEMBE.266..123T\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFToshiaki_TeruyaKiyotake_SuenagaTomoyuki_KoyamaYoshikatsu_Nakano2001\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" about=\"#mwt271\">Toshiaki Teruya; Kiyotake Suenaga; Tomoyuki Koyama; Yoshikatsu Nakano; Daisuke Uemura (2001). \"Arachidonic acid and \u03b1-linolenic acid, feeding attractants for the crown-of-thorns sea star <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBjE\">Acanthaster planci<\/i>, from the sea urchin <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBjI\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\". <i id=\"rdp-we-mwBjM\">Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology<\/i>. <b id=\"rdp-we-mwBjQ\">266<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjU\">123\u2013<\/span>134. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjY\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2001JEMBE.266..123T\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjc\" target=\"_new\">2001JEMBE.266..123T<\/a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjg\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0022-0981%2801%2900337-9\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjk\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00337-9<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Arachidonic+acid+and+%CE%B1-linolenic+acid%2C+feeding+attractants+for+the+crown-of-thorns+sea+star+Acanthaster+planci%2C+from+the+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.volume=266&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=123-134&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-0981%2801%2900337-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JEMBE.266..123T&amp;rft.au=Toshiaki+Teruya&amp;rft.au=Kiyotake+Suenaga&amp;rft.au=Tomoyuki+Koyama&amp;rft.au=Yoshikatsu+Nakano&amp;rft.au=Daisuke+Uemura&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt271\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjo\"><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n\n<\/section><section data-mw-section-id=\"14\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjs\" aria-labelledby=\"External_links\"><div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n<span class=\"mw-empty-elt\" about=\"#mwt277\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBjw\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Commons category\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Commons_category\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"Toxopneustes pileolus\"},\"2\":{\"wt\":\"&apos;&apos;Toxopneustes&amp;nbsp;pileolus&apos;&apos;\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><\/span>\n<ul id=\"rdp-we-mwBj4\"><li id=\"rdp-we-mwBj8\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" about=\"#mwt281\" typeof=\"mw:Extension\/templatestyles mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"templatestyles\",\"attrs\":{\"src\":\"Module:Citation\/CS1\/styles.css\"},\"body\":{\"extsrc\":\"\"},\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"cite web\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Cite_web\"},\"params\":{\"url\":{\"wt\":\"http:\/\/echinoblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/what-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html\"},\"title\":{\"wt\":\"What we know about the world&apos;s most venomous sea urchin &apos;&apos;Toxopneustes&apos;&apos; fits in this blog post!\"},\"author\":{\"wt\":\"Christopher Mah\"},\"date\":{\"wt\":\"February 4, 2014\"},\"publisher\":{\"wt\":\"Echinoblog\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'\/><cite id=\"rdp-we-mwBlE\" class=\"citation web cs1\" about=\"#mwt281\" data-x-id=\"CITEREFChristopher_Mah2014\">Christopher Mah (February 4, 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"http:\/\/echinoblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/what-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">\"What we know about the world's most venomous sea urchin <i>Toxopneustes<\/i> fits in this blog post!\"<\/a>. Echinoblog.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+we+know+about+the+world%27s+most+venomous+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+fits+in+this+blog+post%21&amp;rft.pub=Echinoblog&amp;rft.date=2014-02-04&amp;rft.au=Christopher+Mah&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechinoblog.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fwhat-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt281\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkE\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwBkI\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FDOhSe_U-Xs\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkM\" target=\"_new\">Video of a live flower urchin in its natural habitat<\/a> (YouTube)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwBkQ\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UT7OxuEMyso\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkU\" target=\"_new\">Video of a live captive flower urchin<\/a> (YouTube)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwBkY\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GlvznTp7Ih4\" class=\"external text\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkc\" target=\"_new\">Video of a flower urchin with a zebra crab<\/a> (YouTube)<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-mwBkg\"><span about=\"#mwt283\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkk\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"sealifephotos\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Sealifephotos\"},\"params\":{\"1\":{\"wt\":\"212449\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'>Photos of <\/span><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/sealifecollection.org\/taxon\/212449\" about=\"#mwt283\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/a><span about=\"#mwt283\"> in the Sealife Collection<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\" about=\"#mwt284\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBko\" data-mw='{\"parts\":[{\"template\":{\"target\":{\"wt\":\"Taxonbar\",\"href\":\".\/Template:Taxonbar\"},\"params\":{\"from\":{\"wt\":\"Q2488394\"}},\"i\":0}}]}'><span class=\"mw-empty-elt\"><\/span><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon_identifiers2567\" style=\"padding:3px\" about=\"#mwt284\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBks\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon_identifiers2567\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2488394\" title=\"wikidata:Q2488394\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">Q2488394<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Toxopneustes%20pileolus\/\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">Toxopneustes_pileolus<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=217568\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">217568<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/57M6W\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">57M6W<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/2985832\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">2985832<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a> (old): <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/4341617\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">4341617<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/319375\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">319375<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10529547\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">10529547<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/39971\/\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">39971<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/212449\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">212449<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=238724\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">238724<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SeaLifeBase\" title=\"SeaLifeBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">SeaLifeBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sealifebase.ca\/Summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?id=86769\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">86769<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\/Interwiki\" href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0047612\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">t0047612<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212449\" class=\"external text\" target=\"_new\">212449<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Toxopneustidae\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBkw\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Echinoderms_of_the_Indian_Ocean\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBk0\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Echinoderms_of_the_Pacific_Ocean\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBk4\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Echinoderms_described_in_1816\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBk8\"\/>\n<link rel=\"mw:PageProp\/Category\" href=\".\/Category:Taxa_named_by_Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" id=\"rdp-we-mwBlA\"\/><\/section>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010jobrunner.eqiad.main\u201077cb98c464\u20102mxhp\nCached time: 20260709090254\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Citation\/CS1 (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, show\u2010toc, use\u2010parsoid]\nCPU time usage: 1.513 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.784 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8146\/1000000\nRevision size: 47685\/2097152 bytes\nPost\u2010expand include size: 182250\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 12248\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 17\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 175754\/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 0.514\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 10263506\/52428800 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 15\/500\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 1440.554      1 -total\n 10.36%  149.170      1 Template:Speciesbox\n  9.79%  141.000      1 Template:Taxobox\/core\n  8.35%  120.336      1 Template:Taxonbar\n  7.75%  111.599     23 Template:Cite_journal\n  5.22%   75.212     24 Template:Cite_web\n  4.90%   70.560     20 Template:Cite_book\n  3.86%   55.632      2 Template:Cite_WoRMS\n  3.69%   53.116      1 Template:Short_description\n  2.35%   33.837      2 Template:Pagetype\n-->\n\n<!-- Render ID f8747734-7b74-11f1-a00f-a7ba07bc90e3 -->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:parsoid-pcache:29096764:|#|:idhash:useParsoid=1 and timestamp 20260709090254 and revision id 1354743528. Rendering was triggered because: view\n -->\n\n<!-- Parsoid 0.24.0.0-alpha14 -->\n<\/div><!--\nPost\u2010processing cache key enwiki:postproc\u2010parsoid\u2010pcache:29096764:|#|:idhash:injectTOC=0!postproc=1!skin=vector\u20102022!useParsoid=1!visibleLinks=wtsingle, generated at 20260709103607\n--><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-search-form\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"   >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc-label\" for=\"vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-history-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"history-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-watchstar-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"watch-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-edit-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"wikitext-edit-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-ve-edit-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ve-edit-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-viewsource-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ve-edit-protected-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>11 languages<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-addsection-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"addsection-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive cdx-button__icon\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Add topic<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-end\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-user-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet\" id=\"rdp-we-p-dock-bottom\">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><!-- #rdp-we-main -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Genus<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Toxopneustes<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Species<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">pileolus<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1172,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[34],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-365","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-echinoderms","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"shipping-taxable","11":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Flower urchin - Moalboal Reef Species<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/flower-urchin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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