{"id":365,"date":"2019-11-04T12:02:34","date_gmt":"2019-11-04T12:02:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=365"},"modified":"2020-06-04T05:28:10","modified_gmt":"2020-06-04T05:28:10","slug":"flower-urchin","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/flower-urchin\/","title":{"rendered":"Flower urchin"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Taxonomy\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Taxonomy<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Distribution_and_habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Distribution and habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology_and_behavior\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Ecology_and_behavior\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Ecology and behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Ecology and behavior subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Associated_species\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Associated_species\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Associated species<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Associated_species-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Reproduction\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Reproduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>\"Covering\" behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relation_to_humans\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Relation_to_humans\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Relation to humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Relation to humans subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Venom\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Venom\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Venom<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Venom-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Effects_on_humans\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Effects_on_humans\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.1.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Effects on humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Effects_on_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Edibility\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Edibility\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Edibility<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Edibility-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Other_uses\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Other_uses\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Other uses<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Other_uses-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">11 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blomseekastaiing\" title=\"Blomseekastaiing \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Blomseekastaiing\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86\" title=\"\u062a\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0646 \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u062a\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0646\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Galician\" lang=\"gl\" hreflang=\"gl\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Galego\" data-language-local-name=\"Galician\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Galego<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99\" title=\"\u05d0\u05e8\u05e1\u05df-\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05d0\u05e8\u05e1\u05df-\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vir%C3%A1gos_tengeris%C3%BCn\" title=\"Vir\u00e1gos tengeris\u00fcn \u2013 Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" data-title=\"Vir\u00e1gos tengeris\u00fcn\" data-language-autonym=\"Magyar\" data-language-local-name=\"Hungarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Magyar<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8B\" title=\"\u30e9\u30c3\u30d1\u30a6\u30cb \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30e9\u30c3\u30d1\u30a6\u30cb\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus \u2013 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"Toxopneustes pileolus\" data-language-autonym=\"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\">Edit links<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-left-navigation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Namespaces\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-associated-pages\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" title=\"View the content page [c]\" accesskey=\"c\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Article<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Toxopneustes_pileolus\" rel=\"discussion\" title=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\" accesskey=\"t\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Talk<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\" aria-label=\"Change language variant\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">English<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-variants\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-right-navigation\" class=\"vector-collapsible\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Views\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-views\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-view\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Read<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-edit\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-history\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Toxopneustes_pileolus&action=history\" title=\"Past revisions of this page [h]\" accesskey=\"h\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>View history<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools\" class=\"vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"page-tools-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-page-tools\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Tools<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Toxopneustes_pileolus&action=history\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history\"><\/span>\n\n<span>View history<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-tb\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tGeneral\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-t-whatlinkshere\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>What links here<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-recentchangeslinked\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Related changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard\" title=\"Upload files [u]\" accesskey=\"u\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li 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aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of sea urchin<\/div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\/250px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_Okinawa_5m.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Flower urchin from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture\" title=\"Okinawa Prefecture\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i><b>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/b><\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">commonly known<\/a> as the <b>flower urchin<\/b>, is a widespread and commonly encountered <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\" title=\"Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">species<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sea urchin<\/a> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-West_Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Indo-West Pacific\" target=\"_new\">Indo-West Pacific<\/a>. It is considered highly dangerous, as it is capable of delivering extremely painful and medically significant <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin_injury\" title=\"Sea urchin injury\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">stings when touched<\/a> (as this species is <a href=\"#Venom\">toxic<\/a>). It inhabits <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral reefs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seagrass\" title=\"Seagrass\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seagrass<\/a> beds, and rocky or sandy environments at depths of up to 90&#160;m (295&#160;ft). It feeds on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algae\" title=\"Algae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">algae<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bryozoan\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bryozoan\" target=\"_new\">bryozoans<\/a>, and organic detritus.\n<\/p><p>Its common name is derived from its numerous and distinctively flower-like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a>, which are usually pinkish-white to yellowish-white in color with a central purple dot. It possesses short and blunt spines, though these are commonly hidden beneath the pedicellariae.  The rigid \"shell\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Organs_and_test\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">test<\/a>) is a variegated deep red and gray in color, though in rare cases it may be greenish to light purple.\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Taxonomy\">Taxonomy<\/h2><\/div>\n<p><i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> is one of four species belonging to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genus\" title=\"Genus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">genus<\/a> <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes\" title=\"Toxopneustes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes<\/a><\/i>. It belongs to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustidae\" title=\"Toxopneustidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustidae<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Order_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Order (biology)\" target=\"_new\">order<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camarodonta\" title=\"Camarodonta\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Camarodonta<\/a>. It was  originally described as <i>Echinus pileolus<\/i> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\" title=\"French people\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">French<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naturalist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Naturalist\" target=\"_new\">naturalist<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" title=\"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck<\/a> in 1816, in the second book of his <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres<\/i> series. It was later used as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_species\" title=\"Type species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">type species<\/a> for the newly created genus <i>Toxopneustes<\/i> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swiss_American\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Swiss American\" target=\"_new\">Swiss American<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biologist\" title=\"Biologist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">biologist<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Agassiz\" title=\"Louis Agassiz\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Louis Agassiz<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-worms&#95;1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generic_name_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Generic name (biology)\" target=\"_new\">generic name<\/a> <i>Toxopneustes<\/i> literally means \"<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poison\" title=\"Poison\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">poison<\/a> breath\", derived from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_Greek\" title=\"Ancient Greek\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Greek<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikt:\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\" target=\"_new\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd<\/a> [\u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd] (<i>toksik\u00f3n [ph\u00e1rmakon]<\/i>, \"arrow [poison]\") and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikt:\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\" target=\"_new\">\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a> (<i>pneustos<\/i>, \"breath\"). The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_name_(zoology)\" title=\"Specific name (zoology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">specific name<\/a> <i>pileolus<\/i> means \"little cap\" or \"skullcap\", derived from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin\" title=\"Latin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Latin<\/a> word <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pileus_(hat)\" title=\"Pileus (hat)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pileus<\/a><\/i>, a kind of brimless conical <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felt\" title=\"Felt\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">felt<\/a> cap. \n<\/p><p>Due to its wide distribution and potential danger, this species possesses many <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">common names<\/a>. In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_language\" title=\"English language\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">English<\/a>, <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> is most widely known as the \"flower urchin\",<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-worms&#95;1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> though it is also known as the \"trumpet sea urchin\",<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-amemiya&#95;2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-amemiya-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \"flower tip urchin\",<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-wtf&#95;3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wtf-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \"felt cap sea urchin\",<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-cook&#95;4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cook-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and \"poison claw sea urchin\".<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-diverosa&#95;5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-diverosa-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seashell\" title=\"Seashell\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seashell collecting trade<\/a>, <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> is known as the \"mushroom urchin\", due to their spineless empty shells (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Organs_and_test\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tests<\/a>) resembling the caps of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mushrooms\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Mushrooms\" target=\"_new\">mushrooms<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-howey&#95;6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howey-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-pax&#95;7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pax-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samoan_language\" title=\"Samoan language\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Samoan<\/a> it is known as <i>tapumiti<\/i>;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-samoa&#95;8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-samoa-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <i>tehe-tehe batu<\/i> in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinama\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sinama\" target=\"_new\">Sinama<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tausug_language\" title=\"Tausug language\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tausug<\/a>;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-rahim&#95;9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rahim-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <i>rappa-uni<\/i> (\u30e9\u30c3\u30d1\u30a6\u30cb) or <i>dokugaze<\/i> (\u6bd2\u30ac\u30bc) in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_language\" title=\"Japanese language\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japanese<\/a>;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-worms&#95;1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-suzuki&#95;10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-suzuki-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and <i>l\u01ceb\u0101 d\u00fa j\u00ed h\u01cei d\u01cen<\/i> (\u5587\u53ed\u6bd2\u68d8\u6d77\u81bd) in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language\" title=\"Chinese language\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Chinese<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-gbif&#95;11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gbif-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin_anatomy\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sea urchin anatomy\" target=\"_new\">Sea urchin anatomy<\/a><\/div>\n<p>Flower urchins are relatively large sea urchins. They can reach a maximum diameter of around 15 to 20&#160;cm (6 to 8&#160;in).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fb&#95;12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fb-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-lh&#95;13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-lh-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tmulti floatleft\"><div class=\"thumbinner multiimageinner\" style=\"width:224px;max-width:224px\"><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:222px;max-width:222px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_(Sea_urchin).jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_%28Sea_urchin%29.jpg\/250px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_%28Sea_urchin%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Flower urchin from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tasitolu\" title=\"Tasitolu\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tasitolu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Timor\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"East Timor\" target=\"_new\">East Timor<\/a> (note the visible purple zigzag in one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulacral\" title=\"Ambulacral\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ambulacral<\/a> segments)<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:222px;max-width:222px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lanterne_d%27Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4e\/Lanterne_d%27Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\/250px-Lanterne_d%27Aristote_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"170\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Bottom (oral) surface of the flower urchin showing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Spines\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a>, and the mouth with the chewing apparatus (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle%27s_lantern\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Aristotle&#39;s lantern\" target=\"_new\">Aristotle's lantern<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p>Like most <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echinoderm\" title=\"Echinoderm\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">echinoderms<\/a>, the body of adult flower urchins is equally divided into identical segments around a central axis in multiples of five (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symmetry_in_biology#Subtypes_of_radial_symmetry\" title=\"Symmetry in biology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pentaradial symmetry<\/a>). The rigid \"shell\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Organs_and_test\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">test<\/a>) has five <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulacral\" title=\"Ambulacral\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">interambulacral<\/a> segments separated from each other by five <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambulacral\" title=\"Ambulacral\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ambulacral<\/a> segments, each of them are composed of smaller regularly interlocking plates. It is overlaid by a thin layer of skin in living individuals. The test is variegated in coloration, usually deep red and grey, though there are rare instances of green and pale purple.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Clark&#95;15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-hawaiian&#95;16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Each ambulacral segment is ornamented by a large purple zigzag pattern running along its length.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Two rows of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a> emerge from the grooves on either side of each of the ambulacral segments (for a total of ten rows). The tube feet are individually composed of a thin muscular stalk (podia) tipped with a small suction cup (ampulla). The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Mouth_\/_anus\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mouth<\/a> is centrally located in the bottom (oral) surface of the test. It is surrounded by a ring of small plates overlaid by softer tissue known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Mouth_\/_anus\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">peristome<\/a>. Embedded in the peristome are five <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcareous\" title=\"Calcareous\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">calcareous<\/a> \"teeth\" collectively known as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle%27s_lantern\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Aristotle&#39;s lantern\" target=\"_new\">Aristotle's lantern<\/a>. These are used for grinding the flower urchin's food. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Mouth_\/_anus\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anus<\/a> is situated on the upper (aboral) surface of the test, directly opposite the mouth. Like the mouth, it is surrounded by a ring of small plates known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Periproct\" title=\"Periproct\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">periproct<\/a>. Surrounding the anal opening are five smaller holes (the genital pores) which are directly connected to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonad\" title=\"Gonad\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gonads<\/a> inside the body cavity.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Clark&#95;15-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The most conspicuous feature of flower urchins are their <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellariae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pedicellariae\" target=\"_new\">pedicellariae<\/a> (stalked grasping appendages). Flower urchins possess four types of pedicellariae, distinguished by form and function, but only two are abundant. The first type are the ophicephalous pedicellariae. They resemble tube feet, except they end in three small claws (called valves) rather than suction cups. These are used to keep the body surface clear of algae, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epibiont\" title=\"Epibiont\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">encrusting organisms<\/a>, and unwanted debris.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-hawaiian&#95;16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-oceana&#95;17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ds&#95;18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-coppard&#95;19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \n<\/p>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415\/mw-parser-output\/.tmulti\" \/><div class=\"thumb tmulti floatright\"><div class=\"thumbinner multiimageinner\" style=\"width:304px;max-width:304px\"><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:302px;max-width:302px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c8\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\/330px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_appendages.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\"><b>A<\/b> - <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a><br \/><b>B<\/b> - <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a> (ophicephalous and globiferous)<br \/> <b>C<\/b> - <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Spines\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"trow\"><div class=\"tsingle\" style=\"width:302px;max-width:302px\"><div class=\"thumbimage\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\/330px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_globiferous_pedicellaria.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"125\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"thumbcaption\">Illustration of a valve showing the sharp <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fang\" title=\"Fang\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fang<\/a>-like tip. Three of these form the claw-like ends of the flower urchin globiferous <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-revechini&#95;20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-revechini-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In life, the valves are enclosed within a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_membrane\" title=\"Biological membrane\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">membrane<\/a> which are stretched to form a circle.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-coppard&#95;19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p>The second type are the globiferous pedicellariae which superficially resemble flowers (hence its common name).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-nakagawa2&#95;21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> These are more specialized and are used for defense against <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predator\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Predator\" target=\"_new\">predators<\/a> and larger <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ectoparasite\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ectoparasite\" target=\"_new\">ectoparasites<\/a>.  Globiferous pedicellariae also end in a three-valved claw-like grasping appendage, like they do in ophicephalous pedicellariae, but they are much larger.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-coppard&#95;19-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ingolf&#95;22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ingolf-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The valves are connected to each other by a distinctive circular <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_membrane\" title=\"Biological membrane\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">membrane<\/a> around 4 to 5&#160;mm (0.16 to 0.20&#160;in) in diameter. They are pinkish-white to yellowish-white in color with a central purple dot and a bright white rim.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;14-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-coppard&#95;19-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Each valve ends in a sharp fang-like tip which is capable of penetrating human skin.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ds&#95;18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-edo&#95;23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-edo-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-shimek&#95;24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shimek-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The base of the valves also house <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venom_gland\" title=\"Venom gland\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">venom glands<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-coppard&#95;19-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-coppard-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ferreira&#95;25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ferreira-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Some authors further subdivide globiferous pedicellariae into two subtypes based on size - the trumpet pedicellariae and the giant pedicellariae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-nakagawa2&#95;21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The other two types of pedicellariae - tridentate and triphyllous - are rare or restricted only to certain areas of the test.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-hawaiian&#95;16-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hawaiian-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The relatively blunt <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Spines\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a> are quite short and are usually hidden below the flower-like pedicellariae. They can vary from white, pink, yellow, light green, to purple in coloration with lighter-colored tips.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;14-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Clark&#95;15-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Unlike most other venomous sea urchins, flower urchins and related <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustidae\" title=\"Toxopneustidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">toxopneustids<\/a> do not deliver their venom through spines. Instead, the venom is administered through the flower-like globiferous pedicellariae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ds&#95;18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-edo&#95;23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-edo-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-shimek&#95;24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-shimek-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ferreira&#95;25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ferreira-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> If undisturbed, the tips of the globiferous pedicellariae are usually expanded into round <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cup\" title=\"Cup\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cup<\/a>-like shapes. They possess tiny sensors on their inside surfaces which can detect threats by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mechanoreceptor\" title=\"Mechanoreceptor\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">touch<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemoreceptor\" title=\"Chemoreceptor\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">chemical<\/a> stimuli. When agitated or brushed against by a potential threat, the pedicellariae will immediately snap shut and inject venom. The claws of the pedicellariae may also break off from their stalks and adhere to the point of contact, retaining the ability to continually inject venom for several hours.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-cook&#95;4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cook-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mah&#95;26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-halstead&#95;27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-halstead-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Fujiwara&#95;28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fujiwara-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The potency of the pedicellarial venom is believed<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions\" title=\"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Words to watch\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2025)\">by whom?<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup> to be directly related to the size of the pedicellariae. Thus individuals with larger globiferous pedicellariae are considered to be more dangerous than individuals with more numerous but smaller globiferous pedicellariae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-nakagawa2&#95;21-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa2-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution_and_habitat\">Distribution and habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Flower urchins are widespread and common in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tropical\" target=\"_new\">tropical<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-West_Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Indo-West Pacific\" target=\"_new\">Indo-West Pacific<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fb&#95;12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fb-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> They can be found north from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture\" title=\"Okinawa Prefecture\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a>, to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tasmania\" title=\"Tasmania\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tasmania<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia\" title=\"Australia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Australia<\/a> in the south;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-oceana&#95;17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-atj&#95;29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atj-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and west from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red Sea<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Africa\" title=\"East Africa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">East African<\/a> coast,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-worms&#95;1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worms-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rarotonga\" title=\"Rarotonga\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Rarotonga<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cook_Islands\" title=\"Cook Islands\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cook Islands<\/a> in the east.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-cook2&#95;30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cook2-30\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In Mexican waters, the Flower Urchin can be found in every waters of the Pacific with the exception that they are absent from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerrero_Negro\" title=\"Guerrero Negro\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Guerrero Negro<\/a> (Bahia Tortugas), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baja_California\" title=\"Baja California\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Baja California<\/a>, northward along the central and northwest coasts of Baja.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><i>Toxopneustes<\/i> species are similar in appearance and are often mistaken for each other, though it is possible to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Identification_(biology)\" title=\"Identification (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">distinguish the species<\/a> based on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_coloration\" title=\"Animal coloration\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coloration<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species_distribution\" title=\"Species distribution\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">geographic range<\/a>; <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_roseus\" title=\"Toxopneustes roseus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes roseus<\/a><\/i> can be distinguished by the uniform coloration of their tests of pink, brown, or purple. It is also restricted to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"East Pacific\" target=\"_new\">East Pacific<\/a> and thus aren't found together with flower urchins. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_elegans\" title=\"Toxopneustes elegans\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes elegans<\/a><\/i>, which is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endemism\" title=\"Endemism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">only found<\/a> around <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a>, can be distinguished by the presence of a distinctive dark stripe just below the tips of their spines. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_maculatus\" title=\"Toxopneustes maculatus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes maculatus<\/a><\/i> is a very rare species known only from specimens from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9union\" title=\"R\u00e9union\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">R\u00e9union<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christmas_Island\" title=\"Christmas Island\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Christmas Island<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmyra_Atoll\" title=\"Palmyra Atoll\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Palmyra Atoll<\/a>. It can be distinguished by the bright violet coloration on the bottom and in a band around the middle of their tests.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Clark&#95;15-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clark-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><i>T. pileolus<\/i> are found among <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral reefs<\/a>, coral rubble, rocks, sand, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seagrass\" title=\"Seagrass\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seagrass<\/a> beds at depths of 0 to 90&#160;m (0 to 295&#160;ft) from the water's surface.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fb&#95;12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fb-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-debeer&#95;32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-debeer-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> They may sometimes partially bury themselves on the substrate.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-oceana&#95;17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Ecology_and_behavior\">Ecology and behavior<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Flower urchins feed on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algae\" title=\"Algae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">algae<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bryozoa\" title=\"Bryozoa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bryozoans<\/a>, and organic detritus,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-atj&#95;29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-atj-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Goemans&#95;33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Goemans-33\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and they themselves have few predators.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-oceana&#95;17-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> They are known to be toxic to fish. One of the few organisms capable of consuming flower urchins with no apparent adverse effects is the predatory <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corallimorpharia\" title=\"Corallimorpharia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">corallimorph<\/a> <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paracorynactis_hoplites\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Paracorynactis hoplites\" target=\"_new\">Paracorynactis&#160;hoplites<\/a><\/i>. However it is unknown if flower urchins are among its natural prey.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-bos&#95;34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bos-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Associated_species\">Associated species<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\/250px-Lembeh_Dec1809.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"320\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zebra_crab\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Zebra crab\" target=\"_new\">zebra crab<\/a>, <i>Zebrida&#160;adamsii<\/i>, is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasite\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Parasite\" target=\"_new\">parasite<\/a> of flower urchins<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commensalism\" title=\"Commensalism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">commensal<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpheidae\" title=\"Alpheidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">alpheid<\/a> shrimp <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Athanas_areteformis\" title=\"Athanas areteformis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Athanas areteformis<\/a><\/i>, can sometimes be found living among the spines of flower urchins (as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echinometra_mathaei\" title=\"Echinometra mathaei\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">burrowing urchins<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collector_urchin\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Collector urchin\" target=\"_new\">collector urchins<\/a>).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Athanas&#95;35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Athanas-35\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>35<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#Digestion\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">intestines<\/a> of flower urchins can also serve as habitats for the commensal <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flatworm\" title=\"Flatworm\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">flatworm<\/a> <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syndesmis_longicanalis\" title=\"Syndesmis longicanalis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Syndesmis longicanalis<\/a><\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-moens&#95;36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-moens-36\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Flower urchins are also common hosts of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zebra_crab\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Zebra crab\" target=\"_new\">zebra crab<\/a>, <i>Zebrida adamsii<\/i>. These tiny crabs are <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obligate_symbiont\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Obligate symbiont\" target=\"_new\">obligate symbionts<\/a> of sea urchins. They cling to the spines on the outer surface of the sea urchin test using their highly specialized walking legs. Because their ability to walk on substrates like sand is impaired, zebra crabs spend their entire <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benthos\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Benthos\" target=\"_new\">benthic<\/a> life stage attached to sea urchins, switching between hosts only during the mating season. Usually only one zebra crab is attached to an individual sea urchin outside of the mating season, but larger sea urchins can be hosts to two (very rarely more). The area of the test they inhabit is characteristically smooth; completely devoid of spines, pedicellariae, tube feet, and even epidermis. It is unknown if they physically destroy and\/or consume these appendages or if they use other stimuli to induce the host sea urchins to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autotomy\" title=\"Autotomy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">autotomize<\/a>. Although previously considered harmless commensals, authors have since reclassified them as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasite\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Parasite\" target=\"_new\">parasites<\/a>. In addition to the visible external damage, a 1974 study also observed abnormal behavior and coloration among infected sea urchins. They also appear to be immune to the flower urchin's venom.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-suzuki&#95;10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-suzuki-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mah&#95;26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Reproduction\">Reproduction<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Flower urchins are <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dioecious\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Dioecious\" target=\"_new\">dioecious<\/a> (having separate male and female individuals), but it is almost impossible to determine the sex of an individual by external characteristics alone. A possible method is by examining the external characteristics of the genital pores (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonopore\" title=\"Gonopore\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gonopores<\/a>). In males, they are generally short, cone-shaped, and extrude above the body surface; while in females they are usually sunken. However this is not reliable, as 15% of the cases can exhibit the opposite characteristics. All other external features, like shape and size of the tests or color of the spines are indistinguishable between the two sexes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-tahara&#95;38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tahara-38\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>38<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\nFlower urchins have a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromosome_number\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Chromosome number\" target=\"_new\">chromosome number<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ploidy\" title=\"Ploidy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">2n<\/a> = 42.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-chrom&#95;39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chrom-39\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>39<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Relatively little is known of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawn_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spawn (biology)\" target=\"_new\">spawning<\/a> behavior of flower urchins. Like other sea urchins, fertilization happens externally. Males and females release free-swimming <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamete\" title=\"Gamete\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gametes<\/a> (eggs and sperm) directly into the water currents in mass <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawning\" title=\"Spawning\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spawning<\/a> events.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-chen&#95;40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Prefecture\" title=\"Okinawa Prefecture\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" title=\"Japan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japan<\/a>, a 1994 study identified the spawning season of flower urchins as occurring in winter, at the same time as the closely related and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sympatric\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sympatric\" target=\"_new\">sympatric<\/a> <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_elegans\" title=\"Toxopneustes elegans\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Toxopneustes elegans<\/a><\/i>. It also recorded possible <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_hybrid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Natural hybrid\" target=\"_new\">natural hybrids<\/a> resulting from instances where the eggs of <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> are fertilized by the sperm of <i>Toxopneustes elegans<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fukuchi&#95;41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fukuchi-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taiwan<\/a>, a 2010 study observed flower urchins spawning in May on the years 2007 and 2009. They occurred on highly similar conditions: in the afternoon <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_tide\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Low tide\" target=\"_new\">low tide<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spring_tide\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spring tide\" target=\"_new\">spring tide<\/a> immediately after a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_moon\" title=\"New moon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">new moon<\/a>. During the event, spawning individuals discard the debris that usually cover their bodies before releasing their gametes into the water.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-chen&#95;40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Another study published in 2013 did not find any obvious correlation between lunar and tidal cycles to the mass spawning behavior of the flower urchin populations in southern Taiwan. It did note that the spawning patterns appeared to be non-random, with higher spawning rates on daytime on certain dates. However, the study was conducted within a span of only five months (from April to August 2010).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lin&#95;42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lin-42\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>42<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\/250px-Toxopneustes_pileolus_camouflage.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"196\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Flower urchin off the coast of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9union\" title=\"R\u00e9union\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">R\u00e9union<\/a> exhibiting \"covering\" behavior<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-&quot;Covering&quot;_behavior\"><span id=\"rdp-we-.22Covering.22_behavior\"><\/span>\"Covering\" behavior<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Flower urchins are among the numerous species of sea urchins known as \"collector urchins\", so named because they frequently cover the upper surfaces of their bodies with debris from their surroundings. This behavior is usually referred to as \"covering\" or \"heaping\".<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-debeer&#95;32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-debeer-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mah&#95;26-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-yanagisawa&#95;43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-yanagisawa-43\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>43<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Flower urchins are usually found almost completely covered in objects like dead <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral\" title=\"Coral\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral<\/a> fragments, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seashell\" title=\"Seashell\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seaweed\" title=\"Seaweed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">seaweed<\/a>, and rocks.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-oceana&#95;17-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oceana-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ocean&#95;44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ocean-44\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>44<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> These are held fast to their bodies using their tube feet and pedicellariae.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-chen&#95;40-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The function of this behavior is not well understood. Some authors believe that the debris serve as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ballast\" title=\"Ballast\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ballast<\/a>, preventing them from being swept away by wave surges when feeding;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-chen&#95;40-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chen-40\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-james&#95;45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-james-45\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> while others believe that they may function as some sort of defense against predation.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mah&#95;26-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> A 2007 study has hypothesized that the behavior may serve as protection from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UV_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"UV radiation\" target=\"_new\">UV radiation<\/a> during daytime.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sigg&#95;46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sigg-46\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>46<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Relation_to_humans\">Relation to humans<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Venom\">Venom<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d7\/Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\/250px-Podia_de_Toxopneustes_pileolus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"191\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Close up of a flower urchin. Note the tightly shut globiferous <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellaria\" title=\"Pedicellaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pedicellariae<\/a> behind the extended <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At least two <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Active_compound\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Active compound\" target=\"_new\">active compounds<\/a> which are <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxin\" title=\"Toxin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">toxic to humans<\/a> have been purified from the pedicellarial venom of flower urchins in two studies.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-yokota&#95;47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-yokota-47\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The first was discovered in 1991 and named <b>Contractin A<\/b>. It was found to interfere with the transmission of signals at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nerve_endings\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Nerve endings\" target=\"_new\">nerve endings<\/a> as well as cause <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hemagglutination\" title=\"Hemagglutination\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hemagglutination<\/a> (clumping of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_blood_cell\" title=\"Red blood cell\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">red blood cells<\/a>).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sewell&#95;48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sewell-48\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>48<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-farley&#95;49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-farley-49\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>49<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> When administered to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinea_pig\" title=\"Guinea pig\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">guinea pigs<\/a>, it resulted in contractions in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smooth_muscles\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Smooth muscles\" target=\"_new\">smooth muscles<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-nakagawa&#95;50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nakagawa-50\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>50<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The second, discovered in 1994, is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protein\" title=\"Protein\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">protein<\/a> toxin named <b>peditoxin<\/b>. It is composed of the protein pedin and the active <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prosthetic_group\" title=\"Prosthetic group\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">prosthetic group<\/a> pedoxin. At low doses to mice, pedoxin was found to result in markedly lower body temperatures, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscle_relaxation\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Muscle relaxation\" target=\"_new\">muscle relaxation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedation\" title=\"Sedation\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sedation<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anesthesia\" title=\"Anesthesia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anesthetic<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coma\" title=\"Coma\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coma<\/a>. At higher doses it resulted in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convulsion\" title=\"Convulsion\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">convulsions<\/a> and death. Pedin itself is non-toxic, but it magnifies the effects of pedoxin. When combined into the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holoprotein\" title=\"Holoprotein\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">holoprotein<\/a> peditoxin, even low doses resulted in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anaphylaxis\" title=\"Anaphylaxis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anaphylaxis<\/a>-like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shock_(circulatory)\" title=\"Shock (circulatory)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shock<\/a> and death.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-kuwabara&#95;51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-kuwabara-51\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>51<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>UT841, a possible third toxin isolated in 2001, has been shown to affect <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brain#Metabolism\" title=\"Brain\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">brain metabolism<\/a> in chicks. However, the authors are unclear on whether UT841 may actually be the same compound as Contractin A, since both have the same <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molecular_weight\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Molecular weight\" target=\"_new\">molecular weight<\/a> of 18,000 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_mass_unit\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Atomic mass unit\" target=\"_new\">Da<\/a> and an almost identical <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-terminus\" title=\"N-terminus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">N-terminal sequence<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-zhang&#95;52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-zhang-52\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>52<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In addition to these toxins, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lectin\" title=\"Lectin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lectins<\/a> have also been isolated from flower urchin venom. Among them are SUL-I, SUL-II, SUL-IA, and SUL-III (SUL stands for \"sea urchin lectin\"). These lectins may be valuable as research tools for investigating the functions of cell processes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sakai&#95;53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sakai-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Effects_on_humans\">Effects on humans<\/h4><\/div>\n<p>In 1930, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_people\" title=\"Japanese people\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Japanese<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_biologist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Marine biologist\" target=\"_new\">marine biologist<\/a> Tsutomu Fujiwara accidentally envenomated himself with seven or eight flower urchin pedicellariae while working in a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishing_boat\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Fishing boat\" target=\"_new\">fishing boat<\/a>. He described his experience in a paper published in 1935:<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mah&#95;26-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mah-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-halstead&#95;27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-halstead-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Fujiwara&#95;28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fujiwara-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"quotebox pullquote centered\" style=\"width:80%; ;\">\n<blockquote class=\"quotebox-quote left-aligned\" style=\"\">\n<p>On June 26, 1930, while I was working on a fishing boat on the coast of Tsutajima in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saganoseki,_%C5%8Cita\" title=\"Saganoseki, \u014cita\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Saganoseki<\/a>, I scooped up with my bare hand an individual of the sea-urchin which had been carried up by a diver with a fishing implement on the water surface from the sea-bottom about 20 fathoms in depth, and I transferred the sea-urchin into a small tank in the boat. At that time, 7 or 8 pedicellariae stubbornly attached themselves to a side of the middle finger of my right hand, detached from the stalk and remained on the skin of my finger.\n<\/p><p>Instantly, I felt a severe pain resembling that caused by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cnidoblast\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Cnidoblast\" target=\"_new\">cnidoblast<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coelenterata\" title=\"Coelenterata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coelenterata<\/a>, and I felt as if the toxin were beginning to move rapidly to the blood vessel from the stung area towards my heart. After a while, I experienced a faint <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giddiness\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Giddiness\" target=\"_new\">giddiness<\/a>, difficulty of respiration, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paralysis\" title=\"Paralysis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">paralysis<\/a> of the lips, tongue and eyelids, relaxation of muscles in the limbs, was hardly able to speak or control my <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facial_expression\" title=\"Facial expression\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">facial expression<\/a>, and felt almost as if I were going to die. About 15 minutes afterwards, I felt that pains gradually diminish and after about an hour they disappeared completely. But the facial paralysis like that caused by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cocainization\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikt:cocainization\" target=\"_new\">cocainization<\/a> continued for about six hours.\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em\"><cite class=\"right-aligned\" style=\"\">\u2014&#8202;<cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTsutomu&#95;Fujiwara1935\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Tsutomu Fujiwara (1935). \"On the poisonous pedicellaria of <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck)\". <i>Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses<\/i>. <b>15<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">62\u2013<\/span>68.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annotationes+Zoologicae+Japonenses&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+poisonous+pedicellaria+of+Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=62-68&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.au=Tsutomu+Fujiwara&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>There have been reports of fatalities resulting from flower urchin envenomation.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-oehme&#95;54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-oehme-54\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>54<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> One such report was the purported drowning of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ama_(diving)\" title=\"Ama (diving)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pearl diver<\/a> after being rendered unconscious from accidental contact with a flower urchin.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williamson&#95;55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williamson-55\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>55<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-gallagher&#95;56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-gallagher-56\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>56<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mitchell2005&#95;57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mitchell2005-57\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>57<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> But it remains difficult to confirm if these incidents actually occurred since no documentation or details of the deaths have been uncovered so far.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williamson&#95;55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williamson-55\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>55<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-WHO&#95;58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-WHO-58\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>58<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Nevertheless, flower urchins are still considered highly dangerous. The severe debilitating pain of the flower urchin sting compounded by muscular paralysis, breathing problems, numbness, and disorientation can result in accidental drowning among divers and swimmers.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-cook&#95;4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cook-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-ds&#95;18-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ds-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-dahl&#95;59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-dahl-59\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>59<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The flower urchin was named the \"most dangerous sea urchin\" in the 2014 <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinness_World_Records\" title=\"Guinness World Records\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Guinness World Records<\/a><\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Guinness&#95;60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Guinness-60\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>60<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Edibility\">Edibility<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/28\/Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\/250px-Flower_urchin_by_Vincent_C_Chen.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Flower urchin from Longdong Bay, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taiwan<\/a>, with some of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_feet\" title=\"Tube feet\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tube feet<\/a> extending past the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedicellariae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pedicellariae\" target=\"_new\">pedicellariae<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Despite being venomous, flower urchins are sometimes harvested in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Asia\" title=\"East Asia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">East Asia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Southeast Asia<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Island\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pacific Island\" target=\"_new\">Pacific Islands<\/a> for their <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_urchin#As_food\" title=\"Sea urchin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">edible gonads<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-samoa&#95;8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-samoa-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-rahim&#95;9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rahim-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-tokioka&#95;61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-tokioka-61\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>61<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-chao&#95;62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-chao-62\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>62<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulu_Archipelago\" title=\"Sulu Archipelago\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sulu Archipelago<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a> and eastern <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sabah\" title=\"Sabah\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sabah<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia\" title=\"Malaysia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Malaysia<\/a>, flower urchins are among the species of edible sea urchins used by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sama-Bajau_peoples\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sama-Bajau peoples\" target=\"_new\">Sama-Bajau<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tausug_people\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tausug people\" target=\"_new\">Tausug<\/a> people to make a traditional delicacy known as <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oko-oko\" title=\"Oko-oko\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">oko-oko<\/a><\/i> or <i>ketupat tehe tehe<\/i>. This is prepared by degutting the test and then filling it with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glutinous_rice\" title=\"Glutinous rice\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">glutinous rice<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coconut_milk\" title=\"Coconut milk\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coconut milk<\/a> before boiling.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-rahim&#95;9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-rahim-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Other_uses\">Other uses<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>In Okinawa, fishermen observed numerous individuals of the predatory <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown-of-thorns_starfish\" title=\"Crown-of-thorns starfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crown-of-thorns starfish<\/a> (<i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>) gathering around the remains of the internal organs of flower urchins.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-uemara2010&#95;63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-uemara2010-63\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>63<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> A follow-up study by Japanese researchers in 2001 confirmed that the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viscera\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Viscera\" target=\"_new\">viscera<\/a> of flower urchins could indeed attract crown-of-thorns starfish in both aquarium and open sea experiments. The attractant compounds were isolated and identified as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arachidonic_acid\" title=\"Arachidonic acid\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">arachidonic acid<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpha-Linolenic_acid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Alpha-Linolenic acid\" target=\"_new\">\u03b1-linolenic acid<\/a>. The authors believe that this discovery may be used to augment population control measures of the crown-of-thorns starfish, which are highly destructive to coral reefs.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-starfish&#95;64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-starfish-64\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>64<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\" style=\"column-width: calc( 0.9 * 30em );\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-worms-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-worms_1-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAndreas&#95;Kroh2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Andreas Kroh (2014). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123391\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck, 1816)\"<\/a>. <i>World Echinoidea Database<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Echinoidea+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%2C+1816%29&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Kroh&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D123391&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-amemiya-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-amemiya_2-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFS.&#95;Amemiya2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\">S. Amemiya (2002). \"Developmental modes and rudiment formation in sea urchins\". In Yukio Yokota; Valeria Matranga; Zuzana Smolenicka (eds.). <i>The Sea Urchin: From Basic Biology to Aquaculture<\/i>. CRC Press. p.&#160;37. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>9789058093790<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Developmental+modes+and+rudiment+formation+in+sea+urchins&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sea+Urchin%3A+From+Basic+Biology+to+Aquaculture&amp;rft.pages=37&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9789058093790&amp;rft.au=S.+Amemiya&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-wtf-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-wtf_3-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.whatsthatfish.com\/fish\/flower-urchin\/1122\" target=\"_new\">\"Flower Urchin (<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>)\"<\/a>. WHATSTHATFISH. 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flower+Urchin+%28Toxopneustes+pileolus%29&amp;rft.pub=WHATSTHATFISH&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatsthatfish.com%2Ffish%2Fflower-urchin%2F1122&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-cook-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cook_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cook_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cook_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGordon&#95;C.&#95;CookAlimuddin&#95;Zumla2008\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Gordon C. Cook; Alimuddin Zumla (2008). <i>Manson's Tropical Diseases<\/i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.&#160;586. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>9780702043321<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Manson%27s+Tropical+Diseases&amp;rft.pages=586&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=9780702043321&amp;rft.au=Gordon+C.+Cook&amp;rft.au=Alimuddin+Zumla&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-diverosa-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-diverosa_5-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRokus&#95;GroeneveldSanne&#95;Reijs2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Rokus Groeneveld; Sanne Reijs (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.diverosa.com\/categories\/Urchins.htm\" target=\"_new\">\"Echinoderms, sea urchins\"<\/a>. Diverosa<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Echinoderms%2C+sea+urchins&amp;rft.pub=Diverosa&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Rokus+Groeneveld&amp;rft.au=Sanne+Reijs&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diverosa.com%2Fcategories%2FUrchins.htm&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-howey-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-howey_6-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRichard&#95;Howey2005\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Richard Howey (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.microscopy-uk.org.uk\/mag\/artaug05\/rh-seaurchin.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Calcareous Flowers: Tests and Cross-Sections of Sea Urchin Spines\"<\/a>. Microscopy UK<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Calcareous+Flowers%3A+Tests+and+Cross-Sections+of+Sea+Urchin+Spines&amp;rft.pub=Microscopy+UK&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Richard+Howey&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microscopy-uk.org.uk%2Fmag%2Fartaug05%2Frh-seaurchin.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-pax-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pax_7-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129040539\/http:\/\/paxtongate.com\/paxton\/sea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Sea Urchin - Mushroom\"<\/a>. Paxton Gate. 2014. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/paxtongate.com\/paxton\/sea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sea+Urchin+-+Mushroom&amp;rft.pub=Paxton+Gate&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaxtongate.com%2Fpaxton%2Fsea-urchin-mushroom-34170.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-samoa-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-samoa_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-samoa_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMinistry&#95;of&#95;Natural&#95;Resources&#95;and&#95;Environment2010\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/apps.unep.org\/publications\/pmtdocuments\/-State%20of%20Environment%20Report%20-%20Samoa-2006SoE-Samoa-2006.pdf\" target=\"_new\"><i>State of the Environment Report 2006<\/i><\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. 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Palomares; D. Pauly., eds. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129041539\/http:\/\/www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca\/summary\/Toxopneustes-pileolus.html\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck, 1816)\"<\/a>. SeaLifeBase. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca\/summary\/Toxopneustes-pileolus.html\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%2C+1816%29&amp;rft.pub=SeaLifeBase&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca%2Fsummary%2FToxopneustes-pileolus.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-lh-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-lh_13-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lhimuseum.com\/species\/view\/172\" target=\"_new\">\"Flower Urchin (<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>)\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flower+Urchin+%28Toxopneustes+pileolus%29&amp;rft.pub=Lord+Howe+Island+Museum&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhimuseum.com%2Fspecies%2Fview%2F172&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-eol-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_14-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric&#95;Ducarme2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/2985832\/details\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> - Brief Summary\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flower+Urchin+Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.pub=Oceana&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Marine+Animal+Encyclopedia&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Foceana.org%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fmarine-wildlife%2Fflower-urchin&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-ds-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ds_18-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.destination-scuba.com\/Flower-urchin.html\" target=\"_new\">\"The Flower urchin has one hell of a nasty sting...\"<\/a> Destination-Scuba<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Flower+urchin+has+one+hell+of+a+nasty+sting...&amp;rft.pub=Destination-Scuba&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destination-scuba.com%2FFlower-urchin.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-coppard-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-coppard_19-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSimon&#95;E.&#95;CoppardAndreas&#95;KrohAndrew&#95;B.&#95;Smith2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Simon E. 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Smith (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/resources-rx\/files\/coppard2010-93123.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Acta Zoologica<\/i>. <b>20<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>24. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6395.2010.00487.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2010.00487.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Zoologica&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+pedicellariae+in+echinoids%3A+an+arms+race+against+pests+and+parasites&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=1-24&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1463-6395.2010.00487.x&amp;rft.au=Simon+E.+Coppard&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Kroh&amp;rft.au=Andrew+B.+Smith&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fresources-rx%2Ffiles%2Fcoppard2010-93123.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-revechini-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-revechini_20-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAlexander&#95;Agassiz1872\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Alexander Agassiz (1872). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/40080#\/summary\" target=\"_new\"><i>Revision of the Echini<\/i><\/a>. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zo\u00f6logy at Harvard College. Cambridge University Press.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Revision+of+the+Echini&amp;rft.series=Illustrated+Catalogue+of+the+Museum+of+Comparative+Zo%C3%B6logy+at+Harvard+College&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1872&amp;rft.au=Alexander+Agassiz&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F40080%23%2Fsummary&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-nakagawa2-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nakagawa2_21-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFH.&#95;NakagawaT.&#95;HashimotoH.&#95;HayashiM.&#95;Shinohara1996\" class=\"citation book cs1\">H. Nakagawa; T. Hashimoto; H. Hayashi; M. Shinohara; K. Ohura; E. Tachikawa; T. Kashimoto (1996). \"Isolation of a Novel Lectin from the Globiferous Pedicellariae of the Sea Urchin Toxopneustes Pileolus\". <i>Natural Toxins 2<\/i>. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol.&#160;391. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">213\u2013<\/span>223. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0361-9_14\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_14<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-1-4613-8016-0<\/bdi>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8726059\" target=\"_new\">8726059<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+Novel+Lectin+from+the+Globiferous+Pedicellariae+of+the+Sea+Urchin+Toxopneustes+Pileolus&amp;rft.btitle=Natural+Toxins+2&amp;rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&amp;rft.pages=213-223&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F8726059&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0361-9&#95;14&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4613-8016-0&amp;rft.au=H.+Nakagawa&amp;rft.au=T.+Hashimoto&amp;rft.au=H.+Hayashi&amp;rft.au=M.+Shinohara&amp;rft.au=K.+Ohura&amp;rft.au=E.+Tachikawa&amp;rft.au=T.+Kashimoto&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-ingolf-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ingolf_22-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFOle&#95;Theodor&#95;Jensen&#95;Mortensen1903\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ole_Theodor_Jensen_Mortensen\" title=\"Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen<\/a> (1903). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/bibliography\/6547#\/summary\" target=\"_new\"><i>The Danish Ingolf-Expedition Volume IV Part 1<\/i><\/a>. H. Hagerup. p.&#160;135&#8211;136.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Danish+Ingolf-Expedition+Volume+IV+Part+1&amp;rft.pages=135-136&amp;rft.pub=H.+Hagerup&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.au=Ole+Theodor+Jensen+Mortensen&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F6547%23%2Fsummary&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-edo-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-edo_23-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-edo_23-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKozue&#95;Edo2014\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Kozue Edo (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129052043\/http:\/\/www.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp\/repository\/file\/106088\/20140806091135\/LID201408061001.pdf\" target=\"_new\"><i>Study on a pedicellarial venom lectin from the sea urchin <\/i>Toxopneustes pileolus<i>, in the coast of Tokushima Prefecture, Japan<\/i><\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp\/repository\/file\/106088\/20140806091135\/LID201408061001.pdf\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span> on 2014-11-29<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2014-11-23<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Study+on+a+pedicellarial+venom+lectin+from+the+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+pileolus%2C+in+the+coast+of+Tokushima+Prefecture%2C+Japan&amp;rft.pub=Graduate+School+of+Integrated+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+The+University+of+Tokushima&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.au=Kozue+Edo&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.tokushima-u.ac.jp%2Frepository%2Ffile%2F106088%2F20140806091135%2FLID201408061001.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-shimek-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-shimek_24-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-shimek_24-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRonald&#95;L.&#95;Shimek1997\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Ronald L. Shimek (1997). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160303222914\/http:\/\/www.reefs.org\/library\/aquarium_net\/0497\/0497_1.html\" target=\"_new\">\"There is No Reason to Be Spineless\"<\/a>. Reefs.org. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reefs.org\/library\/aquarium_net\/0497\/0497_1.html\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on March 3, 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=There+is+No+Reason+to+Be+Spineless&amp;rft.pub=Reefs.org&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.au=Ronald+L.+Shimek&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefs.org%2Flibrary%2Faquarium&#95;net%2F0497%2F0497&#95;1.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-ferreira-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ferreira_25-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ferreira_25-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPedro&#95;Nu\u00f1o&#95;Ferreira\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pedro Nu\u00f1o Ferreira. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141129174027\/http:\/\/www.reefsmagazine.com\/forum\/reefs-magazine\/56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html\" target=\"_new\">\"When Beauty Turns to Beast And Hell Breaks Loose in the Reef System\"<\/a>. Reefs Magazine. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reefsmagazine.com\/forum\/reefs-magazine\/56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on November 29, 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 23,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=When+Beauty+Turns+to+Beast+And+Hell+Breaks+Loose+in+the+Reef+System&amp;rft.pub=Reefs+Magazine&amp;rft.au=Pedro+Nu%C3%B1o+Ferreira&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reefsmagazine.com%2Fforum%2Freefs-magazine%2F56812-when-beauty-turns-beast-hell-breaks-loose-reef-system.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-mah-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mah_26-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFChristopher&#95;Mah2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Christopher Mah (February 4, 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/echinoblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/what-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html\" target=\"_new\">\"What we know about the world's most venomous sea urchin <i>Toxopneustes<\/i> fits in this blog post!\"<\/a>. Echinoblog<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+we+know+about+the+world%27s+most+venomous+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+fits+in+this+blog+post%21&amp;rft.pub=Echinoblog&amp;rft.date=2014-02-04&amp;rft.au=Christopher+Mah&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fechinoblog.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fwhat-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-halstead-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-halstead_27-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-halstead_27-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBruce&#95;W.&#95;Halstead2013\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Bruce W. Halstead (2013). \"Venomous Echinoderms and Annelids\". In Wolfgang B\u00fccherl; Eleanor E. Buckley (eds.). <i>Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Volume III - Venomous Invertebrates<\/i>. Academic Press, Inc. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">427\u2013<\/span>431. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>9781483262895<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Venomous+Echinoderms+and+Annelids&amp;rft.btitle=Venomous+Animals+and+Their+Venoms%3A+Volume+III+-+Venomous+Invertebrates&amp;rft.pages=427-431&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Inc&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9781483262895&amp;rft.au=Bruce+W.+Halstead&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Fujiwara-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fujiwara_28-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fujiwara_28-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTsutomu&#95;Fujiwara1935\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Tsutomu Fujiwara (1935). \"On the poisonous pedicellaria of <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i> (Lamarck)\". <i>Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses<\/i>. <b>15<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">62\u2013<\/span>68.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annotationes+Zoologicae+Japonenses&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+poisonous+pedicellaria+of+Toxopneustes+pileolus+%28Lamarck%29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=62-68&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.au=Tsutomu+Fujiwara&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-atj-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-atj_29-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-atj_29-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAndrew&#95;Trevor-Jones2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Andrew Trevor-Jones (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/atj.net.au\/marineaquaria\/Toxopneustes_pileolus.html\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\"<\/a>. ATJ's Marine Aquarium Site<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Ichida (2001). \"UT841 purified from sea urchin (<i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>) venom inhibits time-dependent <sup>45<\/sup>Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> uptake in crude synaptosome fraction from chick brain\". <i>Toxicon<\/i>. <b>39<\/b> (8): <span class=\"nowrap\">1223\u2013<\/span>1229. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fs0041-0101%2800%2900267-1\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/s0041-0101(00)00267-1<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11306134\" target=\"_new\">11306134<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toxicon&amp;rft.atitle=UT841+purified+from+sea+urchin+%28Toxopneustes+pileolus%29+venom+inhibits+time-dependent+%3Csup%3E45%3C%2Fsup%3ECa%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E+uptake+in+crude+synaptosome+fraction+from+chick+brain&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1223-1229&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0041-0101%2800%2900267-1&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F11306134&amp;rft.au=Y.+Zhang&amp;rft.au=J.+Abe&amp;rft.au=A.+Siddiq&amp;rft.au=H.+Nakagawa&amp;rft.au=S.+Honda&amp;rft.au=T.+Wada&amp;rft.au=S.+Ichida&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-sakai-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sakai_53-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHitomi&#95;SakaiKozue&#95;EdoHideyuki&#95;NakagawaMitsuko&#95;Shinohara2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hitomi Sakai; Kozue Edo; Hideyuki Nakagawa; Mitsuko Shinohara; Rie Nishiitsutsuji; Kiyoshi Ohura (2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.intaquares.com\/content\/pdf\/2008-6970-5-12.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Isolation and partial characterization of a L-rhamnose-binding lectin from the globiferous pedicellariae of the toxopneustid sea urchin, <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>International Aquatic Research<\/i>. <b>5<\/b> (12): <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>10. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013InAqR...5...12S\" target=\"_new\">2013InAqR...5...12S<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186%2F2008-6970-5-12\" target=\"_new\">10.1186\/2008-6970-5-12<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Aquatic+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+and+partial+characterization+of+a+L-rhamnose-binding+lectin+from+the+globiferous+pedicellariae+of+the+toxopneustid+sea+urchin%2C+Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2008-6970-5-12&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013InAqR...5...12S&amp;rft.au=Hitomi+Sakai&amp;rft.au=Kozue+Edo&amp;rft.au=Hideyuki+Nakagawa&amp;rft.au=Mitsuko+Shinohara&amp;rft.au=Rie+Nishiitsutsuji&amp;rft.au=Kiyoshi+Ohura&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intaquares.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F2008-6970-5-12.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-oehme-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-oehme_54-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFrederick&#95;W.&#95;OehmeDaniel&#95;E.&#95;Keyler2007\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Frederick W. Oehme; Daniel E. Keyler (2007). \"Plant and Animal Toxins\". In A. Wallace Hayes (ed.). <i>Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Fifth Edition<\/i>. 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UNSW Press. p.&#160;322. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>9780868402796<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Venomous+and+Poisonous+Marine+Animals%3A+A+Medical+and+Biological+Handbook&amp;rft.pages=322&amp;rft.pub=UNSW+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9780868402796&amp;rft.au=John+A.+Williamson&amp;rft.au=Joseph+W.+Burnett&amp;rft.au=Peter+J.+Fenner&amp;rft.au=Jacquie+F.+Rifkin&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-gallagher-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-gallagher_56-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFScott&#95;A.&#95;Gallagher\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Scott A. Gallagher. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/770053-clinical\" target=\"_new\">\"Echinoderm Envenomation Clinical Presentation\"<\/a>. Medscape<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 22,<\/span> 2014<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Echinoderm+Envenomation+Clinical+Presentation&amp;rft.pub=Medscape&amp;rft.au=Scott+A.+Gallagher&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F770053-clinical&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-mitchell2005-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mitchell2005_57-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFElizabeth&#95;MitchellRon&#95;Medzon2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Elizabeth Mitchell; Ron Medzon (2005). <i>Introduction to Emergency Medicine<\/i>. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. p.&#160;513. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>9780781732000<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Emergency+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=513&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=9780781732000&amp;rft.au=Elizabeth+Mitchell&amp;rft.au=Ron+Medzon&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-WHO-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-WHO_58-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWorld&#95;Health&#95;Organization2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\">World Health Organization (2003). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/bathing\/srwe1-chap11.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Dangerous Aquatic Organisms\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 1: Coastal and fresh waters<\/i>. World Health Organization. p.&#160;184. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-9241545808<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Dangerous+Aquatic+Organisms&amp;rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+safe+recreational+water+environments.+Volume+1%3A+Coastal+and+fresh+waters&amp;rft.pages=184&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-9241545808&amp;rft.au=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater&#95;sanitation&#95;health%2Fbathing%2Fsrwe1-chap11.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-dahl-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-dahl_59-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilliam&#95;J&#95;DahlPeter&#95;JebsonDean&#95;S&#95;Louis2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">William J Dahl; Peter Jebson; Dean S Louis (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2958287\" target=\"_new\">\"Sea urchin injuries to the hand: a case report and review of the literature\"<\/a>. <i>Iowa Orthopaedic Journal<\/i>. <b>30<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">153\u2013<\/span>156. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2958287\" target=\"_new\">2958287<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21045988\" target=\"_new\">21045988<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Iowa+Orthopaedic+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Sea+urchin+injuries+to+the+hand%3A+a+case+report+and+review+of+the+literature&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=153-156&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2958287%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F21045988&amp;rft.au=William+J+Dahl&amp;rft.au=Peter+Jebson&amp;rft.au=Dean+S+Louis&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2958287&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Guinness-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Guinness_60-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCraig&#95;Glenday2014\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Craig Glenday, ed. (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/preview-2014\/files\/assets\/basic-html\/page4.html\" target=\"_new\"><i>Guinness World Records 2014<\/i><\/a>. Bantam. p.&#160;30. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>9780553390551<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2014&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft.pub=Bantam&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9780553390551&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fpreview-2014%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage4.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-tokioka-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-tokioka_61-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTakasi&#95;Tokioka1963\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Takasi Tokioka (1963). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/dspace\/bitstream\/2433\/175332\/1\/fia0112_415.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Supposed effects of the cold weather of the winter 1962&#8211;63 upon the intertidal fauna in the vicinity of Seto\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory<\/i>. <b>11<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">415\u2013<\/span>424. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5134%2F175332\" target=\"_new\">10.5134\/175332<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Seto+Marine+Biological+Laboratory&amp;rft.atitle=Supposed+effects+of+the+cold+weather+of+the+winter+1962%26ndash%3B63+upon+the+intertidal+fauna+in+the+vicinity+of+Seto&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=415-424&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5134%2F175332&amp;rft.au=Takasi+Tokioka&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2433%2F175332%2F1%2Ffia0112&#95;415.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-chao-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-chao_62-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFShyh-Min&#95;ChaoBang-Chin&#95;Chen2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Shyh-Min Chao; Bang-Chin Chen (2012). \"High density of flower urchin, <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>, in Houbihu Lagoon, Southern Taiwan\". <i>Platax<\/i>. <b>9<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">77\u2013<\/span>81. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29926%2FPLATAX.201212.0006\" target=\"_new\">10.29926\/PLATAX.201212.0006<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Platax&amp;rft.atitle=High+density+of+flower+urchin%2C+Toxopneustes+pileolus%2C+in+Houbihu+Lagoon%2C+Southern+Taiwan&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=77-81&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29926%2FPLATAX.201212.0006&amp;rft.au=Shyh-Min+Chao&amp;rft.au=Bang-Chin+Chen&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-uemara2010-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-uemara2010_63-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDaisuke&#95;Uemura2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Daisuke Uemura (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3417845\" target=\"_new\">\"Exploratory research on bioactive natural products with a focus on biological phenomena\"<\/a>. <i>Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences<\/i>. <b>86<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">190\u2013<\/span>201. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010PJAB...86..190U\" target=\"_new\">2010PJAB...86..190U<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2183%2Fpjab.86.190\" target=\"_new\">10.2183\/pjab.86.190<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3417845\" target=\"_new\">3417845<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20228620\" target=\"_new\">20228620<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Japan+Academy%2C+Series+B%3A+Physical+and+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Exploratory+research+on+bioactive+natural+products+with+a+focus+on+biological+phenomena&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=190-201&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3417845%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F20228620&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2183%2Fpjab.86.190&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PJAB...86..190U&amp;rft.au=Daisuke+Uemura&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3417845&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-starfish-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-starfish_64-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFToshiaki&#95;TeruyaKiyotake&#95;SuenagaTomoyuki&#95;KoyamaYoshikatsu&#95;Nakano2001\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Toshiaki Teruya; Kiyotake Suenaga; Tomoyuki Koyama; Yoshikatsu Nakano; Daisuke Uemura (2001). \"Arachidonic acid and \u03b1-linolenic acid, feeding attractants for the crown-of-thorns sea star <i>Acanthaster planci<\/i>, from the sea urchin <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>\". <i>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology<\/i>. <b>266<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">123\u2013<\/span>134. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2001JEMBE.266..123T\" target=\"_new\">2001JEMBE.266..123T<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0022-0981%2801%2900337-9\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0022-0981(01)00337-9<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Arachidonic+acid+and+%CE%B1-linolenic+acid%2C+feeding+attractants+for+the+crown-of-thorns+sea+star+Acanthaster+planci%2C+from+the+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+pileolus&amp;rft.volume=266&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=123-134&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-0981%2801%2900337-9&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JEMBE.266..123T&amp;rft.au=Toshiaki+Teruya&amp;rft.au=Kiyotake+Suenaga&amp;rft.au=Tomoyuki+Koyama&amp;rft.au=Yoshikatsu+Nakano&amp;rft.au=Daisuke+Uemura&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFChristopher&#95;Mah2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Christopher Mah (February 4, 2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/echinoblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/what-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html\" target=\"_new\">\"What we know about the world's most venomous sea urchin <i>Toxopneustes<\/i> fits in this blog post!\"<\/a>. Echinoblog.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+we+know+about+the+world%27s+most+venomous+sea+urchin+Toxopneustes+fits+in+this+blog+post%21&amp;rft.pub=Echinoblog&amp;rft.date=2014-02-04&amp;rft.au=Christopher+Mah&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fechinoblog.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fwhat-we-know-about-worlds-most-venomous.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxopneustes+pileolus\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FDOhSe_U-Xs\" target=\"_new\">Video of a live flower urchin in its natural habitat<\/a> (YouTube)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UT7OxuEMyso\" target=\"_new\">Video of a live captive flower urchin<\/a> (YouTube)<\/li>\n<li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GlvznTp7Ih4\" target=\"_new\">Video of a flower urchin with a zebra crab<\/a> (YouTube)<\/li>\n<li>Photos of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sealifecollection.org\/taxon\/212449\" target=\"_new\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/a> in the Sealife Collection<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers2561\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers2561\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2488394\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q2488394\" target=\"_new\">Q2488394<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Toxopneustes%20pileolus\/\" target=\"_new\">Toxopneustes pileolus<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\" target=\"_new\">Toxopneustes_pileolus<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=217568\" target=\"_new\">217568<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/57M6W\" target=\"_new\">57M6W<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/2985832\" target=\"_new\">2985832<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/4341617\" target=\"_new\">4341617<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/319375\" target=\"_new\">319375<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10529547\" target=\"_new\">10529547<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/39971\/\" target=\"_new\">39971<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/212449\" target=\"_new\">212449<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=238724\" target=\"_new\">238724<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SeaLifeBase\" title=\"SeaLifeBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">SeaLifeBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sealifebase.ca\/Summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?id=86769\" target=\"_new\">86769<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0047612\" target=\"_new\">t0047612<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212449\" target=\"_new\">212449<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010api\u2010ext.eqiad.main\u20107486f9f4f4\u2010jsr62\nCached time: 20260611233409\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Citation\/CS1 (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, prevent\u2010selective\u2010update, show\u2010toc]\nCPU time usage: 0.953 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.193 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8448\/1000000\nRevision size: 47685\/2097152 bytes\nPost\u2010expand include size: 174390\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 12248\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 16\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 265111\/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 0.602\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 10229990\/52428800 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 15\/500\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 1055.970      1 -total\n 35.30%  372.744      1 Template:Reflist\n 24.04%  253.840      1 Template:Speciesbox\n 22.65%  239.172      1 Template:Taxobox\/core\n 14.94%  157.714     23 Template:Cite_journal\n 12.09%  127.657      1 Template:Taxonbar\n  8.46%   89.328     21 Template:Cite_web\n  8.35%   88.159     19 Template:Cite_book\n  6.85%   72.356      1 Template:Quote_box\n  4.83%   50.984      1 Template:Short_description\n-->\n\n<!-- Render ID 0b37784e-65ee-11f1-add5-d9538269fca6 -->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:29096764:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20260611233409 and revision id 1354743528. Rendering was triggered because: unknown\n -->\n<\/div><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxopneustes_pileolus<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start 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class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a 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class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet\" id=\"rdp-we-p-dock-bottom\">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><!-- #rdp-we-main -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Genus<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Toxopneustes<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Species<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">pileolus<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1172,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[34],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-365","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-echinoderms","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"shipping-taxable","11":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Flower urchin - Moalboal Reef Species<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A comprehensive online checklist of reef 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