{"id":242,"date":"2019-10-28T09:46:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-28T09:46:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=242"},"modified":"2020-07-06T11:17:06","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T11:17:06","slug":"humpback-grouper","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/","title":{"rendered":"Humpback grouper"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humpback_grouper\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Systematics\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Systematics\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Systematics<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Systematics-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Systematics subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Systematics-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Genetics\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Genetics\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Genetics<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Genetics-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Distribution_and_habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Distribution and habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Non-native_distribution\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Non-native_distribution\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Non-native distribution<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Non-native_distribution-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology_and_ecology\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Biology_and_ecology\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Biology and ecology<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Biology_and_ecology-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Biology and ecology subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology_and_ecology-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Life_cycle_and_behaviour\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Life_cycle_and_behaviour\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Life cycle and behaviour<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Life_cycle_and_behaviour-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Diet\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Diet\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Diet<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Diet-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Disease\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Disease\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Disease<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Disease-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Conservation\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Conservation\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Conservation<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Conservation-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Aquaculture\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Aquaculture\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Aquaculture<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Aquaculture-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Aquaculture subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Aquaculture-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Live_fish_markets\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Live_fish_markets\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Live fish markets<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Live_fish_markets-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Rearing\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Rearing\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Rearing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Rearing-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Socioeconomic_effects\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Socioeconomic_effects\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Socioeconomic effects<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Socioeconomic_effects-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">23 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ace.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geurap%C3%A8e_tik%C3%B4h\" title=\"Geurap\u00e8e tik\u00f4h \u2013 Acehnese\" lang=\"ace\" hreflang=\"ace\" data-title=\"Geurap\u00e8e tik\u00f4h\" data-language-autonym=\"Ac\u00e8h\" data-language-local-name=\"Acehnese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ac\u00e8h<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cromileptes_altivelis\" title=\"Cromileptes altivelis \u2013 Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" data-title=\"Cromileptes altivelis\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\" data-language-local-name=\"Bulgarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panter\" title=\"Panter \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Panter\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pantherfisch\" title=\"Pantherfisch \u2013 German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" data-title=\"Pantherfisch\" data-language-autonym=\"Deutsch\" data-language-local-name=\"German\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Deutsch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelus_altivelis\" title=\"Epinephelus altivelis \u2013 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Epinephelus altivelis\" data-language-autonym=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cromileptes_altivelis\" title=\"Cromileptes altivelis \u2013 Basque\" lang=\"eu\" hreflang=\"eu\" data-title=\"Cromileptes altivelis\" data-language-autonym=\"Euskara\" data-language-local-name=\"Basque\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Euskara<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%98%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA\" title=\"\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0698\u067e\u0634\u062a \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0698\u067e\u0634\u062a\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cromileptes_altivelis\" title=\"Cromileptes altivelis \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Cromileptes altivelis\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerapu_bebek\" title=\"Kerapu bebek \u2013 Indonesian\" lang=\"id\" hreflang=\"id\" data-title=\"Kerapu bebek\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Indonesia\" data-language-local-name=\"Indonesian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Bahasa Indonesia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pardusfiskur\" title=\"Pardusfiskur \u2013 Icelandic\" lang=\"is\" hreflang=\"is\" data-title=\"Pardusfiskur\" data-language-autonym=\"\u00cdslenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Icelandic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u00cdslenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BF\" title=\"\u30b5\u30e9\u30b5\u30cf\u30bf \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30b5\u30e9\u30b5\u30cf\u30bf\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/km.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%80\" title=\"\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u178f\u17bb\u1780\u1780\u17c2\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1780 \u2013 Khmer\" lang=\"km\" hreflang=\"km\" data-title=\"\u178f\u17d2\u179a\u17b8\u178f\u17bb\u1780\u1780\u17c2\u1787\u17d2\u179a\u17bc\u1780\" data-language-autonym=\"\u1797\u17b6\u179f\u17b6\u1781\u17d2\u1798\u17c2\u179a\" data-language-local-name=\"Khmer\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u1797\u17b6\u179f\u17b6\u1781\u17d2\u1798\u17c2\u179a<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%ED%8C%AC%EB%8D%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%A8%ED%8D%BC\" title=\"\ud32c\ub354\uadf8\ub8e8\ud37c \u2013 Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" data-title=\"\ud32c\ub354\uadf8\ub8e8\ud37c\" data-language-autonym=\"\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4\" data-language-local-name=\"Korean\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panterbaars\" title=\"Panterbaars \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Panterbaars\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%ADl%C3%AD_%C5%82ikizh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD\" title=\"D\u00e1\u00e1d\u00edl\u00ed \u0142ikizh\u00edg\u00ed\u00ed \u2013 Navajo\" lang=\"nv\" hreflang=\"nv\" data-title=\"D\u00e1\u00e1d\u00edl\u00ed \u0142ikizh\u00edg\u00ed\u00ed\" data-language-autonym=\"Din\u00e9 bizaad\" data-language-local-name=\"Navajo\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Din\u00e9 bizaad<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panterka\" title=\"Panterka \u2013 Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Panterka\" data-language-autonym=\"Polski\" data-language-local-name=\"Polish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Polski<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garoupa-de-bossa\" title=\"Garoupa-de-bossa \u2013 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Garoupa-de-bossa\" data-language-autonym=\"Portugu\u00eas\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leopardabborre\" title=\"Leopardabborre \u2013 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" data-title=\"Leopardabborre\" data-language-autonym=\"Svenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Swedish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Svenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99\" title=\"\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e30\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e19 \u2013 Thai\" lang=\"th\" hreflang=\"th\" data-title=\"\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e30\u0e23\u0e31\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2d\u0e19\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\" data-language-local-name=\"Thai\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A1_m%C3%BA_d%E1%BA%B9t\" title=\"C\u00e1 m\u00fa d\u1eb9t \u2013 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"C\u00e1 m\u00fa d\u1eb9t\" data-language-autonym=\"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cromileptes_altivelis\" title=\"Cromileptes altivelis \u2013 Minnan\" lang=\"nan\" hreflang=\"nan\" data-title=\"Cromileptes altivelis\" data-language-autonym=\"\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e \/ B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-g\u00ed\" data-language-local-name=\"Minnan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e \/ B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-g\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0%E6%96%91\" title=\"\u8001\u9f20\u6591 \u2013 Cantonese\" lang=\"yue\" hreflang=\"yue\" data-title=\"\u8001\u9f20\u6591\" data-language-autonym=\"\u7cb5\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Cantonese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u7cb5\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%A9%BC%E8%83%8C%E9%B2%88\" title=\"\u9a7c\u80cc\u9c88 \u2013 Chinese\" lang=\"zh\" hreflang=\"zh\" data-title=\"\u9a7c\u80cc\u9c88\" data-language-autonym=\"\u4e2d\u6587\" data-language-local-name=\"Chinese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u4e2d\u6587<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\">Edit links<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-left-navigation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Namespaces\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-associated-pages\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humpback_grouper\" title=\"View the content page [c]\" accesskey=\"c\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Article<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Humpback_grouper\" rel=\"discussion\" title=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\" accesskey=\"t\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Talk<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\" aria-label=\"Change language variant\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">English<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-variants\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-right-navigation\" class=\"vector-collapsible\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Views\">\n\t\t\t    \n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-views\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-view\" class=\"selected mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible vector-tab-noicon\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humpback_grouper\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Read<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-edit\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible vector-tab-noicon\">\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-history\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible vector-tab-noicon\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Humpback_grouper&action=history\" title=\"Past revisions of this page [h]\" accesskey=\"h\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>View history<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools\" class=\"vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"page-tools-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-page-tools\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Tools<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-cactions\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tActions\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-more-view\" class=\"selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humpback_grouper\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-eye mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-eye\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Read<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-more-edit\" class=\"vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\">\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-more-history\" class=\"vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Humpback_grouper&action=history\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history\"><\/span>\n\n<span>View history<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-tb\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tGeneral\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-t-whatlinkshere\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>What links here<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-recentchangeslinked\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Related changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard\" title=\"Upload files [u]\" accesskey=\"u\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-permalink\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Humpback_grouper&oldid=1360012471\" title=\"Permanent link to this revision of this page\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Permanent link<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-info\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Humpback_grouper&action=info\" title=\"More information about this page\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Page information<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-cite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Cite this page<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-urlshortener\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Get shortened URL<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-coll-print_export\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tPrint\/export\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-coll-download-as-rl\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Download as PDF<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-print\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Humpback_grouper&printable=yes\" title=\"Printable version of this page [p]\" accesskey=\"p\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Printable version<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-wikibase-otherprojects\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tIn other projects\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Cromileptes_altivelis\" hreflang=\"en\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Chromileptes_altivelis\" hreflang=\"en\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Wikispecies<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-wikibase\" class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item\"><span>Wikidata item<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-end no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp25eastereggs-vector-sitenotice-landmark\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance\" class=\"vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"appearance-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-appearance\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Appearance<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of fish<\/div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<p>The <b>humpback grouper<\/b> (<i><b>Chromileptes altivelis<\/b><\/i>), also known as the <b>panther grouper<\/b>, (in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia\" title=\"Australia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Australia<\/a>) <b>barramundi cod,<\/b> (in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a>, in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tagalog_language\" title=\"Tagalog language\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tagalog<\/a>) <b>lapu-lapung senorita<\/b>, (in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a>, in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bisayan_languages\" title=\"Bisayan languages\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bisayan<\/a>) <b>miro-miro<\/b>, (in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" title=\"France\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">France<\/a>) <b>m\u00e9rou de Grace Kelly<\/b>, (in Japan) <b>sarasa-hata<\/b>, (in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\" title=\"India\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">India<\/a>) <b>kalava<\/b>, and many other local names,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> is a species of marine <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ray-finned_fish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ray-finned fish\" target=\"_new\">ray-finned fish<\/a>. Specifically, it is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grouper\" title=\"Grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">grouper<\/a> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subfamily\" title=\"Subfamily\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">subfamily<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelinae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Epinephelinae\" target=\"_new\">Epinephelinae<\/a>, which is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serranidae\" title=\"Serranidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Serranidae<\/a>, which also includes the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthiinae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Anthiinae\" target=\"_new\">anthias<\/a> and sea basses. It occurs in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Pacific_Ocean\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Western Pacific Ocean\" target=\"_new\">Western Pacific Ocean<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Systematics\">Systematics<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The humpback grouper was first formally <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species_description\" title=\"Species description\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">described<\/a> as <i>Serranus altivelis<\/i> in 1828 by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_people\" title=\"French people\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">French<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoologist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Zoologist\" target=\"_new\">zoologist<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Achille_Valenciennes\" title=\"Achille Valenciennes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Achille Valenciennes<\/a> (1794\u20131865) with the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_locality_(biology)\" title=\"Type locality (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">type locality<\/a> given as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Java\" title=\"Java\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Java<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-CofFS&#95;5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CofFS-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In 1839, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_people\" title=\"English people\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">English<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naturalist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Naturalist\" target=\"_new\">naturalist<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Swainson\" title=\"William Swainson\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">William Swainson<\/a> (1789\u20131855) placed it in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subgenus\" title=\"Subgenus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">subgenus<\/a> <i>Chromileptes<\/i>, which was later created as a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monotypy\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Monotypy\" target=\"_new\">monotypic<\/a> genus.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-CofFF&#95;2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CofFF-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Swainson spelt the genus as <i>Chromileptes<\/i><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Swainson&#95;6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Swainson-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Fishbase&#95;3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fishbase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Recent molecular analyses based on five genes show that <i>Chromileptes altivelis<\/i> is included in the same <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clade\" title=\"Clade\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">clade<\/a> as species of <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelus\" title=\"Epinephelus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Epinephelus<\/a><\/i>. Consequently, the species should be included in <i>Epinephelus<\/i> as <i><b>Epinephelus altivelis<\/b><\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Schoelinck2014&#95;7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Schoelinck2014-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Genetics\">Genetics<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Genetic research has revealed the species to have missing genes relating to immunity and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MAPK\/ERK_pathway\" title=\"MAPK\/ERK pathway\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">MAPK signal pathway<\/a>, which may affect the species' disease resistance and growth traits.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:1&#95;8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>A hybrid grouper has been formed between this species and a closely related grouper, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_grouper\" title=\"Giant grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">giant grouper<\/a> (<i>E. lanceolatus<\/i>). The hybrid had 1.6x faster growth rate than the humpback grouper, 4.7% increased meat yield, yet was more morphologically similar to <i>E. lanceolatus<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sg&#95;9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sg-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution_and_habitat\">Distribution and habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cromileptes_altivelis_distribution.png\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2c\/Cromileptes_altivelis_distribution.png\/250px-Cromileptes_altivelis_distribution.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"261\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i> native distribution <sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It is widely distributed throughout the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tropical\" target=\"_new\">tropical<\/a> waters of the central <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-West_Pacific\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Indo-West Pacific\" target=\"_new\">Indo-West Pacific<\/a> region.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The humpback grouper lives in clear waters from lagoons and seaward reefs with a preference for dead or silty areas. They are found in a range of depth from 2 to 40&#160;m (10 to 130&#160;ft),<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Fishbase&#95;3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fishbase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> but usually found at depths less than 10&#160;m (30&#160;ft).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The humpback fish has a preferendum temperature of 24.5 C, similar to other cool, temperate, freshwater fishes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Non-native_distribution\">Non-native distribution<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>In Florida, the grouper was first recorded to be observed in 1984, with the last recorded observation in 2012. Throughout Florida, it has been spotted in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tampa_Bay\" title=\"Tampa Bay\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tampa Bay<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pompano_Beach,_Florida\" title=\"Pompano Beach, Florida\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pompano Beach<\/a>, and West Beach.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In 2012, a single individual was <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spearfishing\" title=\"Spearfishing\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">speared<\/a> near <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Key_Largo\" title=\"Key Largo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Key Largo<\/a>, raising fears that it could become <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasive_species\" title=\"Invasive species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">invasive<\/a>, similar to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lionfish\" title=\"Lionfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lionfish<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It was a large specimen, with a size of 78&#160;cm (31&#160;in), and weight of 15&#160;lb (6.8&#160;kg).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Although there are fears of the humpback grouper becoming <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasive_species\" title=\"Invasive species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">invasive<\/a> in North America, there remains no current breeding populations within the western Atlantic as of 2013. Despite this, researchers have pointed out Florida towns <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jupiter,_Florida\" title=\"Jupiter, Florida\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Jupiter<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vero_Beach,_Florida\" title=\"Vero Beach, Florida\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Vero Beach<\/a> as likely spots for this species to establish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The humpback grouper has a short history of being introduced in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaii\" title=\"Hawaii\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hawaii<\/a>, being first observed in 1991. It has since been <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Local_extinction\" title=\"Local extinction\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">extirpated<\/a>, with the last observation in 2005.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Humpback_Grouper,_Indonesia_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_430291422.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Humpback_Grouper%2C_Indonesia_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_430291422.jpg\/250px-Humpback_Grouper%2C_Indonesia_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_430291422.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"168\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>In Indonesia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>There has been one recording of the humpback grouper spotted in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenya\" title=\"Kenya\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Kenya<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Serranidae_Cromileptes_altivelis_3.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/60\/Serranidae_Cromileptes_altivelis_3.jpg\/250px-Serranidae_Cromileptes_altivelis_3.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Juvenile<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>\nThe humpback grouper is a medium-sized <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fish<\/a> which grows up to 70&#160;cm (28&#160;in).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-eol&#95;11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-eol-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Its particular body shape makes this grouper difficult to confuse with other <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fishes<\/a>. Its body is compressed laterally, is relatively high, and has a unique head profile compared to other groupers. The head is depressed anteriorly and elevated posteriorly, with a sharp rise at the nape.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> This stocky and strange visual effect gives it the unique humpbacked appearance.<\/p><figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Cromileptes_altivelis.png\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/24\/Cromileptes_altivelis.png\/250px-Cromileptes_altivelis.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"126\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Drawing of a mature <i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i> <sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure><p>In addition, there has been genetic evidence of increased activity in this fish's frontal <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osteoblast\" title=\"Osteoblast\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">osteoblasts<\/a>. This may be the genetic basis for the change of <i>C. altivelis'<\/i>&#160;frontal bone to the sunken, 'humpback,' head.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Relating to its coloration, the young are white with round black spots. The adults have a body colouration with variances of grey and beige, with darker blotches variable in size on the body. Small black spots cover the whole body. In comparison, juveniles have fewer of these black spots than adults, but the spots can be larger, or as large, as their eyes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, their coloration has been observed to change with a drop in pH.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chromileptes_altivelis_01.JPG\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Chromileptes_altivelis_01.JPG\/250px-Chromileptes_altivelis_01.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>At <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siam_Center\" title=\"Siam Center\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Siam Center<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In terms of its fins, the grouper has rounded pectoral and caudal fins, aiding in stability. Their pectoral fins range between 17 and 18 rays, with the middle rays being the longest. They also have a long dorsal fin that originates from their <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operculum_(fish)\" title=\"Operculum (fish)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">opercle<\/a>, and runs all the way to its caudal fin. The dorsal fin consists of around 10 spines and 17\u201319 rays, which greatly aids in stability against turning. The anal fin, which is about half in length of the dorsal fin, consists of around 3 spines, and 9\u201310 rays. Their brush-like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_ichthyology\" title=\"Glossary of ichthyology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">villiform teeth<\/a> are adequate for eating smaller fish, and have smooth body scales.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Biology_and_ecology\">Biology and ecology<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Life_cycle_and_behaviour\">Life cycle and behaviour<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Oniria_-_Cromileptes_altivelis_03.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5f\/Oniria_-_Cromileptes_altivelis_03.jpg\/250px-Oniria_-_Cromileptes_altivelis_03.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>In captivity<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This species is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequential_hermaphroditism\" title=\"Sequential hermaphroditism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">protogynous hermaphrodite<\/a>; in other words, all individuals are born female, with the ability to transform to males as they grow older. Female humpback groupers start transitioning to males as early as 3 years. By the age of 9, most humpback groupers are male.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;12-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Typically, only the most dominant, mature females undergo this transformation in the absence of a dominant male.\n<\/p><p>Although primarily solitary, they are also known to swim in pairs, or sometimes in groups of 3\u20136. The purpose of these groups is unknown.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-reefapp&#95;16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-reefapp-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Compared to other closely related groupers, the humpback grouper has a slow growth rate, with female humpback groupers maturing around 1.5 years.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:1&#95;8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cryopreservation\" title=\"Cryopreservation\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cryopreservation<\/a> has been tested with these humpback grouper embryos, with the survival rate of 7.55% and maximum time of viability being 5 days.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sg&#95;9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sg-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The humpback grouper's peak spawning time is between October and January,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:5&#95;17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> with a single spawn event lasting from 4 to 8 days.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Diet\">Diet<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The diet of this grouper is based on small <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fishes<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crustacean\" title=\"Crustacean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crustaceans<\/a>,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Fishbase&#95;3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Fishbase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> such as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krill\" title=\"Krill\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">krill<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrimp\" title=\"Shrimp\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shrimp<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Squid\" title=\"Squid\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">squids<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clam\" title=\"Clam\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">clams<\/a>. In human care, they are commonly fed fresh or dried fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-reefapp&#95;16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-reefapp-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Like the other members of its <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a>, the humpback grouper is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demersal\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Demersal\" target=\"_new\">demersal<\/a>, solitary (except during mating periods), defends a territory, and is an <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ambush_predator\" title=\"Ambush predator\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ambush predator<\/a>. Its feeding activity is maximal at sunrise and\/or at sunset.\n<\/p><p>Because of their carnivorous diet, <i>C. altivepis<\/i> has been commonly blamed for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciguatera_fish_poisoning\" title=\"Ciguatera fish poisoning\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ciguatera poisoning<\/a> throughout their native and non-nonnative distribution.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;12-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Disease\">Disease<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>With live fish markets potentially acting as a transmitter of disease, this species has been commonly blamed for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciguatera_fish_poisoning\" title=\"Ciguatera fish poisoning\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ciguatera fish poisoning<\/a> cases. Ciguatera fish poisoning comes from consuming a fish with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciguatoxin\" title=\"Ciguatoxin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ciguatoxins<\/a>, and the humpback grouper, amongst many other predatory fish, can easily accumulate ciguatoxins. Because of this, ciguatera 'hotspots' surrounding these markets have been a concern for human health.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:4&#95;18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The humpback grouper is also known to be able to carry many pathogens, including <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirudinea\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hirudinea\" target=\"_new\">Hirudinea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pasteurella\" title=\"Pasteurella\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pasteurella<\/a>, grouper iridoviruses, and more. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iridovirus\" title=\"Iridovirus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Iridovirus<\/a> is a leading cause of mortality in groupers kept in captivity, which causes lethargic swimming, darker body coloration, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anemia\" title=\"Anemia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anemia<\/a>, and more.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Conservation\">Conservation<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The humpback grouper has been given the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Deficient\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Data Deficient\" target=\"_new\">Data Deficient<\/a> status by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature\" title=\"International Union for Conservation of Nature\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN<\/a>. It is a highly valued food fish, especially in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Southeast Asia<\/a> where it is also overexploited. It is bred in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture\" title=\"Aquaculture\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">aquaculture<\/a>, but there is no evidence that captive breeding has reduced the fishing pressure on wild populations. Despite this, it is suspected that the population has declined historically.\n<\/p><p>Australia has put strong conservation measures in place for this species (no take species on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Barrier_Reef\" title=\"Great Barrier Reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Great Barrier Reef<\/a> and strict possession limits elsewhere, e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Australia\" title=\"Western Australia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Western Australia<\/a>). Size limits apply in commercial fisheries such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torres_Strait\" title=\"Torres Strait\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Torres Strait<\/a> reef line fishery.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> However, it is lacking protection elsewhere.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;status&#95;17&#95;November&#95;2021&#95;1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn_status_17_November_2021-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Other potentially effective management techniques to preserve the humpback grouper would be implementing size limits, no-take areas, and increasing effort control.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:5&#95;17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Aquaculture\">Aquaculture<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Although the mariculture of this species has been regarded to be in a primitive stage, the humpback grouper remains to be a popular fish in US aquariums, live fish markets throughout Asia,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and aquaculture production mainly in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taiwan<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia\" title=\"Indonesia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indonesia<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-cir.nii.ac.jp&#95;20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cir.nii.ac.jp-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Live_fish_markets\">Live fish markets<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:C._altivelis_imports_into_Hong_Kong_(1999-2016).png\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5f\/C._altivelis_imports_into_Hong_Kong_%281999-2016%29.png\/250px-C._altivelis_imports_into_Hong_Kong_%281999-2016%29.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"184\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>C. altivelis<\/i> imports into Hong Kong (1999\u20132016)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The humpback grouper is a popular fish amongst live fish markets, mainly throughout Asia, but more so in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong\" title=\"Hong Kong\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hong Kong<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:6&#95;21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Within the Hong Kong live fish markets, groupers made the majority of the sales in the 1990s.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:4&#95;18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Hatchery-produced groupers are susceptible to having poorly functioning <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swim_bladder\" title=\"Swim bladder\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">swim bladders<\/a>, causing juveniles to circle on the surface until death, with the&#160;mortality rate ranging from 20 to 30% from this condition.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-cir.nii.ac.jp&#95;20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cir.nii.ac.jp-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Rearing\">Rearing<\/h3><\/div><p>\nWhen collecting eggs from this species for aquaculture, buoyant eggs are selected, and are usually 0.80\u20130.83&#160;mm in diameter. From the wild, juveniles are often chosen.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:6&#95;21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>&#160;For growth and raising, they are usually grown in coastal net cages in Southeast Asia.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> However, it has been found that floating net cages are poor for growth and health of the fish, yet optimal for production.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:7&#95;22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:HK_%E6%B8%AF%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%80_Eastern_District_%E7%82%AE%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1_Fortress_Hill_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_255_King%27s_Road_%E5%9C%8B%E9%83%BD%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4_Olympia_Plaza_%E5%BD%A9%E7%A6%8F%E6%B5%B7%E9%AE%AE%E9%85%92%E6%A8%93_Choi_Fook_Banquet_Seafood_Restaurant_January_2021_SS2_15.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/22\/HK_%E6%B8%AF%E5%B3%B6%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%80_Eastern_District_%E7%82%AE%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1_Fortress_Hill_%E8%8B%B1%E7%9A%87%E9%81%93_255_King%27s_Road_%E5%9C%8B%E9%83%BD%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4_Olympia_Plaza_%E5%BD%A9%E7%A6%8F%E6%B5%B7%E9%AE%AE%E9%85%92%E6%A8%93_Choi_Fook_Banquet_Seafood_Restaurant_January_2021_SS2_15.jpg\/250px-thumbnail.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Humpback groupers in aquaria<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Newly hatched humpback groupers are sensitive, and, because of this, handling during this period is taken with care. Larvae are stocked into dark culture tanks before hatching to reduce 'shock syndrome', which is a cause of mortality due to dramatic physical changes like water disturbances, or bright light. The culture tanks are also usually stocked with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microalgae\" title=\"Microalgae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">microalgae<\/a> (such as <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nannochloropsis\" title=\"Nannochloropsis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Nannochoropsis<\/a> oculata<\/i> or <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tetraselmis\" title=\"Tetraselmis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tetraselmis<\/a> sp.<\/i>) which functions as shade, but also provides food and nutrition.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Cannibalism is also a major cause of mortality during later stages, which could be reduced by handling fish into similarly sized tanks, but handling could induce shock syndrome.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:7&#95;22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In terms of feeding, there remains low interest to develop specialized food diets for the small humpback grouper market. Because of this, humpback groupers are often fed 'trash fish,' which are low-value, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bycatch\" title=\"Bycatch\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bycatch<\/a> fish species.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:7&#95;22-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> However, feeding juveniles with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copepod\" title=\"Copepod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">copepod<\/a> nauplii has shown some promise to increase growth rates.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Socioeconomic_effects\">Socioeconomic effects<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Grouper aquaculture has remained popular throughout Southeast Asia because of the accessibility of materials. In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bali\" title=\"Bali\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bali<\/a>, 'backyard' hatcheries contributed to economic development, with an increased profit compared to more traditional local agricultural paths such as coconut plantations.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a>, grouper aquaculture is profitable due to less capital investment compared to the common milkfish aquaculture.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Despite this, production is likely to remain low. Because of the slow growing humpback groupers, farmers are likely to mainly focus on faster growth fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;4-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-iucn&#95;status&#95;17&#95;November&#95;2021-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_17_November_2021_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_17_November_2021_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSadovy,&#95;Y.Chan,&#95;T.T.Choat,&#95;J.H.Liu,&#95;M.2018\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Sadovy, Y.; Chan, T.T.; Choat, J.H.; Liu, M. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/39774\/100458943\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/i>. <b>2018<\/b> e.T39774A100458943. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39774A100458943.en\" target=\"_new\">10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39774A100458943.en<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 November<\/span> 2021<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Cromileptes+altivelis&amp;rft.volume=2018&amp;rft.artnum=e.T39774A100458943&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T39774A100458943.en&amp;rft.au=Sadovy%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Chan%2C+T.T.&amp;rft.au=Choat%2C+J.H.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+M.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F39774%2F100458943&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-CofFF-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-CofFF_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-CofFF_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFrickeEschmeyervan&#95;der&#95;Laan\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fricke, Ron; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_N._Eschmeyer\" title=\"William N. Eschmeyer\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Eschmeyer, William N.<\/a> &amp; van der Laan, Richard (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/researcharchive.calacademy.org\/research\/ichthyology\/catalog\/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Epinephelinae\" target=\"_new\">\"Genera in the family Epinephelinae\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalog_of_Fishes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Catalog of Fishes\" target=\"_new\">Catalog of Fishes<\/a><\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"California Academy of Sciences\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">California Academy of Sciences<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 June<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&amp;rft.atitle=Genera+in+the+family+Epinephelinae&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp%3Ftbl%3Dgenus%26family%3DEpinephelinae&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Fishbase-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fishbase_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fishbase_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fishbase_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Fishbase_3-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFroesePauly\" class=\"citation web cs1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainer_Froese\" title=\"Rainer Froese\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Froese, Rainer<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Pauly\" title=\"Daniel Pauly\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pauly, Daniel<\/a> (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.org\/summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Chromileptes&speciesname=altivelis\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Chromileptes altivelis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a><\/i>. December 2020 version.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=FishBase&amp;rft.atitle=Chromileptes+altivelis&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DChromileptes%26speciesname%3Daltivelis&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:0-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-6\"><sup><i><b>g<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-7\"><sup><i><b>h<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-8\"><sup><i><b>i<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-9\"><sup><i><b>j<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-10\"><sup><i><b>k<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-11\"><sup><i><b>l<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_4-12\"><sup><i><b>m<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLiuRimmer2022\" class=\"citation report cs1\">Liu, Min; Rimmer, Mike (2022-01-07). Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) (Report). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079%2Fcabicompendium.87544\" target=\"_new\">10.1079\/cabicompendium.87544<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Cromileptes+altivelis+%28humpback+grouper%29&amp;rft.date=2022-01-07&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2Fcabicompendium.87544&amp;rft.aulast=Liu&amp;rft.aufirst=Min&amp;rft.au=Rimmer%2C+Mike&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-CofFS-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CofFS_5-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFrickeEschmeyervan&#95;der&#95;Laan\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fricke, Ron; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_N._Eschmeyer\" title=\"William N. Eschmeyer\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Eschmeyer, William N.<\/a> &amp; van der Laan, Richard (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/researcharchive.calacademy.org\/research\/ichthyology\/catalog\/fishcatget.asp?spid=20042\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Serranus altivelis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalog_of_Fishes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Catalog of Fishes\" target=\"_new\">Catalog of Fishes<\/a><\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"California Academy of Sciences\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">California Academy of Sciences<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 June<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&amp;rft.atitle=Serranus+altivelis&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp%3Fspid%3D20042&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Swainson-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Swainson_6-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSwainson&#95;W.1839\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Swainson W. (1839). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/page\/40723234#page\/456\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_new\"><i>On the natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, &amp; reptiles, or monocardian animals<\/i><\/a>. Vol.&#160;2. Spottiswoode &amp; Co., London.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+natural+history+and+classification+of+fishes%2C+amphibians%2C+%26+reptiles%2C+or+monocardian+animals&amp;rft.pub=Spottiswoode+%26+Co.%2C+London&amp;rft.date=1839&amp;rft.au=Swainson+W.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F40723234%23page%2F456%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Schoelinck2014-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Schoelinck2014_7-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSchoelinckHinsingerDetta\u00efCruaud2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Schoelinck, Charlotte; Hinsinger, Damien D.; Detta\u00ef, Agn\u00e8s; Cruaud, Corinne; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4122351\" target=\"_new\">\"A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning\"<\/a>. <i>PLOS ONE<\/i>. <b>9<\/b> (8) e98198. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2014PLoSO...998198S\" target=\"_new\">2014PLoSO...998198S<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098198\" target=\"_new\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0098198<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203\" target=\"_new\">1932-6203<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4122351\" target=\"_new\">4122351<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25093850\" target=\"_new\">25093850<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+re-analysis+of+groupers+with+applications+for+ciguatera+fish+poisoning&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.artnum=e98198&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4122351%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...998198S&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F25093850&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098198&amp;rft.issn=1932-6203&amp;rft.aulast=Schoelinck&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlotte&amp;rft.au=Hinsinger%2C+Damien+D.&amp;rft.au=Detta%C3%AF%2C+Agn%C3%A8s&amp;rft.au=Cruaud%2C+Corinne&amp;rft.au=Justine%2C+Jean-Lou&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4122351&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span> <span style=\"position:relative; top: -2px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_access\" title=\"open access publication \u2013 free to read\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Open access icon\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg\/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:1-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFYang2021\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Yang, Yang (November 24, 2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8701792\" target=\"_new\">\"Chromosome Genome Assembly of <i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i> Reveals Loss of Genome Fragment in <i>Cromileptes<\/i> Compared with <i>Epinephelus<\/i> Species\"<\/a>. <i>Genes<\/i>. <b>12<\/b> (12): 1873. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fgenes12121873\" target=\"_new\">10.3390\/genes12121873<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8701792\" target=\"_new\">8701792<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34946822\" target=\"_new\">34946822<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Genes&amp;rft.atitle=Chromosome+Genome+Assembly+of+Cromileptes+altivelis+Reveals+Loss+of+Genome+Fragment+in+Cromileptes+Compared+with+Epinephelus+Species&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1873&amp;rft.date=2021-11-24&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8701792%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F34946822&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes12121873&amp;rft.aulast=Yang&amp;rft.aufirst=Yang&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8701792&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-sg-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-sg_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-sg_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGongWangCaiCai2025\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Gong, Shirui; Wang, Tong; Cai, Chunyou; Cai, Jianshun; Yang, Yang; Zhong, Chaoyue; Wu, Xi; Tao, Yuhao; Zeng, Leilei; Wei, Qichuang; Song, Leling; Liu, Xiaochun (2025-01-30). <span class=\"id-lock-subscription\" title=\"Paid subscription required\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0044848624009542\" target=\"_new\">\"Development and characterization of a novel intergeneric hybrid grouper (<i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i> \u2640 \u00d7 <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus<\/i> \u2642)\"<\/a><\/span>. <i>Aquaculture<\/i>. <b>595<\/b> 741493. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2025Aquac.59541493G\" target=\"_new\">2025Aquac.59541493G<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2024.741493\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741493<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0044-8486\" target=\"_new\">0044-8486<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&amp;rft.atitle=Development+and+characterization+of+a+novel+intergeneric+hybrid+grouper+%28Cromileptes+altivelis+%E2%99%80+%C3%97+Epinephelus+lanceolatus+%E2%99%82%29&amp;rft.volume=595&amp;rft.artnum=741493&amp;rft.date=2025-01-30&amp;rft.issn=0044-8486&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2024.741493&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2025Aquac.59541493G&amp;rft.aulast=Gong&amp;rft.aufirst=Shirui&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Tong&amp;rft.au=Cai%2C+Chunyou&amp;rft.au=Cai%2C+Jianshun&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+Yang&amp;rft.au=Zhong%2C+Chaoyue&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+Xi&amp;rft.au=Tao%2C+Yuhao&amp;rft.au=Zeng%2C+Leilei&amp;rft.au=Wei%2C+Qichuang&amp;rft.au=Song%2C+Leling&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Xiaochun&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0044848624009542&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:2-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_10-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHeemstra1993\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Heemstra, PC (1993). <i>An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date<\/i>. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">63\u2013<\/span>64. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>92-5-103125-8<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+annotated+and+illustrated+catalogue+of+the+grouper%2C+rockcod%2C+hind%2C+coral+grouper+and+lyretail+species+known+to+date&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.pages=63-64&amp;rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=92-5-103125-8&amp;rft.aulast=Heemstra&amp;rft.aufirst=PC&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-eol-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-eol_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230101000000\/http:\/\/www.eol.org\/pages\/46579762\" target=\"_new\">\"Humpback Grouper\"<\/a>. <i>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Encyclopedia of Life<\/a><\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eol.org\/pages\/46579762\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2023-01-01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 June<\/span> 2020<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&amp;rft.atitle=Humpback+Grouper&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F46579762&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:3-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_12-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_12-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_12-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nas.er.usgs.gov\/queries\/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=966\" target=\"_new\">\"Panther Grouper (<i>Chromileptes altivelis<\/i>) \u2013 Species Profile\"<\/a>. <i>USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2024-11-08<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=USGS+Nonindigenous+Aquatic+Species+Database&amp;rft.atitle=Panther+Grouper+%28Chromileptes+altivelis%29+%E2%80%93+Species+Profile&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fnas.er.usgs.gov%2Fqueries%2Ffactsheet.aspx%3FSpeciesID%3D966&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFReynoldsCasterlin1980\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Reynolds, William Wallace; Casterlin, Martha Elizabeth (1980-11-01). <span class=\"id-lock-subscription\" title=\"Paid subscription required\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00006494\" target=\"_new\">\"Thermoregulatory behavior of juvenile cromileptes altivelis (serranidae), a tropical marine fish\"<\/a><\/span>. <i>Hydrobiologia<\/i>. <b>75<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">281\u2013<\/span>282. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1980HyBio..75..281R\" target=\"_new\">1980HyBio..75..281R<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2FBF00006494\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/BF00006494<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1573-5117\" target=\"_new\">1573-5117<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&amp;rft.atitle=Thermoregulatory+behavior+of+juvenile+cromileptes+altivelis+%28serranidae%29%2C+a+tropical+marine+fish&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=281-282&amp;rft.date=1980-11-01&amp;rft.issn=1573-5117&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00006494&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980HyBio..75..281R&amp;rft.aulast=Reynolds&amp;rft.aufirst=William+Wallace&amp;rft.au=Casterlin%2C+Martha+Elizabeth&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF00006494&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWadlow,&#95;K.2013\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Wadlow, K. (9 January 2013). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/01\/09\/invasive-fish-florida-keys-humpback-grouper_n_2440774.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Is The Humpback Grouper The Latest Invasive Fish For The Florida Keys?\"<\/a>. Huffington Post<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">25 May<\/span> 2018<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Is+The+Humpback+Grouper+The+Latest+Invasive+Fish+For+The+Florida+Keys%3F&amp;rft.date=2013-01-09&amp;rft.au=Wadlow%2C+K.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F09%2Finvasive-fish-florida-keys-humpback-grouper&#95;n&#95;2440774.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCaoDengLiuWu2023\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Cao, Xiaoying; Deng, Shunyun; Liu, Quanyin; Wu, Lisheng; Zhuang, Xuan; Ding, Shaoxiong (January 2023). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10740873\" target=\"_new\">\"Important Role of the Ihh Signaling Pathway in Initiating Early Cranial Remodeling and Morphological Specialization in <i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>Animals<\/i>. <b>13<\/b> (24): 3840. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fani13243840\" target=\"_new\">10.3390\/ani13243840<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2076-2615\" target=\"_new\">2076-2615<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10740873\" target=\"_new\">10740873<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38136878\" target=\"_new\">38136878<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animals&amp;rft.atitle=Important+Role+of+the+Ihh+Signaling+Pathway+in+Initiating+Early+Cranial+Remodeling+and+Morphological+Specialization+in+Cromileptes+altivelis&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=3840&amp;rft.date=2023-01&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10740873%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=2076-2615&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F38136878&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fani13243840&amp;rft.aulast=Cao&amp;rft.aufirst=Xiaoying&amp;rft.au=Deng%2C+Shunyun&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Quanyin&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+Lisheng&amp;rft.au=Zhuang%2C+Xuan&amp;rft.au=Ding%2C+Shaoxiong&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10740873&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-reefapp-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-reefapp_16-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-reefapp_16-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rosamondgiffordzoo.org\/experience\/animals\/fish\/panther-grouper\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Panther Grouper\"<\/a>. <i>Rosamond Gifford Zoo<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2024-11-08<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rosamond+Gifford+Zoo&amp;rft.atitle=Panther+Grouper&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosamondgiffordzoo.org%2Fexperience%2Fanimals%2Ffish%2Fpanther-grouper%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:5-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_17-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_17-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilliams2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Williams, Ashley J. (December 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/esr2009\/9\/n009p067.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Age-based demography of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis: implications for fisheries management and conservation\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Endangered Species Research<\/i>. <b>9<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">67\u2013<\/span>79. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fesr00237\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/esr00237<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Endangered+Species+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Age-based+demography+of+humpback+grouper+Cromileptes+altivelis%3A+implications+for+fisheries+management+and+conservation&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=67-79&amp;rft.date=2009-12&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fesr00237&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashley+J.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Farticles%2Fesr2009%2F9%2Fn009p067.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:4-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_18-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_18-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLee1998\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lee, Christine (January 1998). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/227642086\" target=\"_new\">\"A Taste for Live Fish: Hong Kong's Live Reef Fish Market\"<\/a>. <i>International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila<\/i>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Center+for+Living+Aquatic+Resources+Management%2C+Manila&amp;rft.atitle=A+Taste+for+Live+Fish%3A+Hong+Kong%27s+Live+Reef+Fish+Market&amp;rft.date=1998-01&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F227642086&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilliams2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Williams, Ashley J. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fish.gov.au\/Archived-Reports\/2014\/Documents\/Williams_et_al_2007_Eval_of_eastern_TSRLF.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"EVALUATION OF THE EASTERN TORRES STRAIT REEF LINE FISHERY\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Fish.gov.au<\/i>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fish.gov.au&amp;rft.atitle=EVALUATION+OF+THE+EASTERN+TORRES+STRAIT+REEF+LINE+FISHERY&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashley+J.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fish.gov.au%2FArchived-Reports%2F2014%2FDocuments%2FWilliams&#95;et&#95;al&#95;2007&#95;Eval&#95;of&#95;eastern&#95;TSRLF.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-cir.nii.ac.jp-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cir.nii.ac.jp_20-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cir.nii.ac.jp_20-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFH1997\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">H, Wang (1997). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1573668924841850112\" target=\"_new\">\"The problems and situation in the artificial propagation of grouper, Epinephelus\"<\/a>. <i>J Dalian Fish<\/i>. <b>12<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">44\u2013<\/span>51.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Dalian+Fish&amp;rft.atitle=The+problems+and+situation+in+the+artificial+propagation+of+grouper%2C+Epinephelus&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=44-51&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=H&amp;rft.aufirst=Wang&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1573668924841850112&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:6-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_21-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:6_21-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFroesePauly2024\" class=\"citation web cs1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainer_Froese\" title=\"Rainer Froese\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Froese, Rainer<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Pauly\" title=\"Daniel Pauly\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pauly, Daniel<\/a>, eds. (2024). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.org\/summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Chromileptes&speciesname=altivelis\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Chromileptes altivelis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a><\/i>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=FishBase&amp;rft.atitle=Chromileptes+altivelis&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DChromileptes%26speciesname%3Daltivelis&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:7-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_22-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_22-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_22-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPamungkas2021\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Pamungkas, G Y (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F679%2F1%2F012030\" target=\"_new\">\"Enlargement technique of humpback grouper (<i>Cromileptes altivelis<\/i>) with floating nets cage\"<\/a>. <i>IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science<\/i>. <b>679<\/b> (1) 012030. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021E&ES..679a2030P\" target=\"_new\">2021E&#38;ES..679a2030P<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F679%2F1%2F012030\" target=\"_new\">10.1088\/1755-1315\/679\/1\/012030<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Enlargement+technique+of+humpback+grouper+%28Cromileptes+altivelis%29+with+floating+nets+cage&amp;rft.volume=679&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.artnum=012030&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F679%2F1%2F012030&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021E%26ES..679a2030P&amp;rft.aulast=Pamungkas&amp;rft.aufirst=G+Y&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1755-1315%252F679%252F1%252F012030&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSiar\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Siar, Susana V. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=e2496a31917ddd28c8a5219710efa23bbb2241e2\" target=\"_new\">\"Study on economics and socio-economics of small-scale marine fish hatcheries and nurseries, with special reference to grouper systems in Bali, Indonesia\"<\/a>. <i>Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network<\/i>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Marine+Finfish+Aquaculture+Network&amp;rft.atitle=Study+on+economics+and+socio-economics+of+small-scale+marine+fish+hatcheries+and+nurseries%2C+with+special+reference+to+grouper+systems+in+Bali%2C+Indonesia&amp;rft.aulast=Siar&amp;rft.aufirst=Susana+V&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3De2496a31917ddd28c8a5219710efa23bbb2241e2&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBailly,&#95;Nicolas2023\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Bailly, Nicolas (2023-01-11). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=401295\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Chromileptes altivelis<\/i> (Valenciennes, 1828)\"<\/a>. <i>WoRMS<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WoRMS&amp;rft.atitle=Chromileptes+altivelis+%28Valenciennes%2C+1828%29&amp;rft.date=2023-01-11&amp;rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D401295&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumpback+grouper\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Photos of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sealifecollection.org\/taxon\/218193\" target=\"_new\">Humpback grouper<\/a> in the Sealife Collection<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Extant&#95;Epinephelinae&#95;species&#95;(Groupers)9336\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064\" \/><div id=\"rdp-we-Extant&#95;Epinephelinae&#95;species&#95;(Groupers)9336\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Extant <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grouper\" title=\"Grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Epinephelinae<\/a> species <small>(Groupers)<\/small><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphestes\" title=\"Alphestes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Alphestes<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><i><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphestes_immaculatus\" title=\"Alphestes immaculatus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Alphestes immaculatus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><\/i><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anyperodon\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Anyperodon\" target=\"_new\">Anyperodon<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anyperodon_leucogrammicus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Anyperodon leucogrammicus\" target=\"_new\">slender grouper (<i>A. leucogrammicus<\/i>)<\/a><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aethaloperca_rogaa\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Aethaloperca rogaa\" target=\"_new\">Aethaloperca<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aethaloperca_rogaa\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Aethaloperca rogaa\" target=\"_new\">Aethaloperca rogaa<\/a><\/i><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopholis\" title=\"Cephalopholis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cephalopholis<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue-Spotted_Grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Blue-Spotted Grouper\" target=\"_new\">Blue-Spotted Grouper (<i>C. argus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chocolate_hind\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Chocolate hind\" target=\"_new\">Chocolate hind (<i>C. boenak<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopholis_colonus\" title=\"Cephalopholis colonus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pacific creole-fish (<i>C. colonus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graysby\" title=\"Graysby\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Graysby  (<i>C. cruentata<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluelined_hind\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bluelined hind\" target=\"_new\">Bluelined hind (<i>C. formosa<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coney_fish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Coney fish\" target=\"_new\">Coney (<i>C. fulva<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellowfin_hind\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Yellowfin hind\" target=\"_new\">Yellowfin hind  (<i>C. hemistiktos<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neptune_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Neptune grouper\" target=\"_new\">Neptune grouper (<i>C. igarashiensis<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopholis_leopardus\" title=\"Cephalopholis leopardus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Leopard grouper (<i>C. leopardus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vermillion_seabass\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Vermillion seabass\" target=\"_new\">Vermillion seabass (<i>C. miniata<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopholis_panamensis\" title=\"Cephalopholis panamensis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pacific Graysby (<i>C. panamensis<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><i><\/i><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomato_hind\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tomato hind\" target=\"_new\">Tomato hind (<i>C. sonnerati<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopholis_spiloparaea\" title=\"Cephalopholis spiloparaea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Strawberry grouper (<i>C. spiloparaea<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopholis_taeniops\" title=\"Cephalopholis taeniops\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Blue Spotted Sea Bass | (<i>C. taeniops<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromileptes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Chromileptes\" target=\"_new\">Chromileptes<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Humpback grouper (<i>C. altivelis<\/i>)<\/a><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dermatolepis\" title=\"Dermatolepis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Dermatolepis<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marbled_grouper\" title=\"Marbled grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">marbled grouper (<i>D. inermis<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smooth_grouper\" title=\"Smooth grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">smooth grouper (<i>D.  striolata<\/i>)<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelus\" title=\"Epinephelus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Epinephelus<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Areolate_grouper\" title=\"Areolate grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Areolate grouper (<i>E. areolatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_goliath_grouper\" title=\"Atlantic goliath grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Atlantic goliath grouper (<i>E. itajara<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelus_amblycephalus\" title=\"Epinephelus amblycephalus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Banded grouper (<i>E. amblycephalus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blacktip_grouper\" title=\"Blacktip grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Blacktip grouper (<i>E. fasciatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_and_yellow_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Blue and yellow grouper\" target=\"_new\">Blue and yellow grouper (<i>E. flavocaeruleus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brown-marbled_grouper\" title=\"Brown-marbled grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Brown-marbled grouper (<i>E. fuscoguttatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brownspotted_grouper\" title=\"Brownspotted grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Brownspotted grouper (<i>E. chlorostigma<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camouflage_grouper\" title=\"Camouflage grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Camouflage grouper (<i>E. polyphekadion<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catface_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Catface grouper\" target=\"_new\">Catface grouper (<i>E. andersoni<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet_grouper\" title=\"Comet grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Comet grouper (<i>E. morrhua<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_grouper\" title=\"Coral grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coral grouper (<i>E. corallicola<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dotted_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Dotted grouper\" target=\"_new\">Dotted grouper (<i>E. epistictus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dusky_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Dusky grouper\" target=\"_new\">Dusky grouper (<i>E. marginatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelus_stoliczkae\" title=\"Epinephelus stoliczkae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Epaulet grouper (<i>E. stoliczkae<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foursaddle_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Foursaddle grouper\" target=\"_new\">Foursaddle grouper (<i>E. spilotoceps<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_grouper\" title=\"Giant grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Giant grouper (<i>E. lanceolatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greasy_grouper\" title=\"Greasy grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Greasy grouper (<i>E. tauvina<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honeycomb_grouper\" title=\"Honeycomb grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Honeycomb grouper (<i>E. merra<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_grouper\" title=\"Hong Kong grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hong Kong grouper (<i>E. akaara<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longfin_grouper\" title=\"Longfin grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Longfin grouper (<i>E. quoyanus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longtooth_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Longtooth grouper\" target=\"_new\">Longtooth grouper (<i>E. bruneus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malabar_grouper\" title=\"Malabar grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Malabar grouper (<i>E. malabaricus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marquesan_grouper\" title=\"Marquesan grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Marquesan grouper (<i>E. irroratus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nassau_grouper\" title=\"Nassau grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Nassau grouper (<i>E. striatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orange-spotted_grouper\" title=\"Orange-spotted grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Orange-spotted grouper (<i>E. coioides<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Goliath_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pacific Goliath grouper\" target=\"_new\">Pacific Goliath grouper (<i>E. quinquefasciatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potato_grouper\" title=\"Potato grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Potato grouper (<i>E. tukula<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_grouper\" title=\"Red grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red grouper (<i>E. morio<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_hind\" title=\"Red hind\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red hind (<i>E. guttatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddletail_grouper\" title=\"Saddletail grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Saddletail grouper (<i>E. daemelii<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speckled_hind\" title=\"Speckled hind\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Speckled hind (<i>E. drummondhayi<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spotted_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spotted grouper\" target=\"_new\">Spotted grouper (<i>E. analogus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epinephelus_labriformis\" title=\"Epinephelus labriformis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Starry grouper (<i>E. labriformis<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Summan_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Summan grouper\" target=\"_new\">Summan grouper (<i>E. summana<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wavy-lined_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Wavy-lined grouper\" target=\"_new\">Wavy-lined grouper (<i>E. undulosus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_grouper\" title=\"White grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">White grouper (<i>E. aeneus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White-edged_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"White-edged grouper\" target=\"_new\">White-edged grouper (<i>E. albomarginatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whitespotted_grouper\" title=\"Whitespotted grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Whitespotted grouper (<i>E. coeruleopunctatus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White-streaked_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"White-streaked grouper\" target=\"_new\">White-streaked grouper (<i>E. ongus<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow_grouper\" title=\"Yellow grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Yellow grouper (<i>E. awoara<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonioplectrus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gonioplectrus\" target=\"_new\">Gonioplectrus<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonioplectrus_hispanus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gonioplectrus hispanus\" target=\"_new\">Spanish flag (G. hispanus)<\/a><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gracila\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gracila\" target=\"_new\">Gracila<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gracila_albomarginata\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gracila albomarginata\" target=\"_new\">Masked Grouper (G. albomarginata)<\/a><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus\" title=\"Hyporthodus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hyporthodus<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_acanthistius\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hyporthodus acanthistius\" target=\"_new\">Hyporthodus acanthistius<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rooster_hind\" title=\"Rooster hind\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Rooster hind<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><\/i> ()<\/li>\n<li><i><\/i> ()<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_exsul\" title=\"Hyporthodus exsul\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hyporthodus exsul<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tenspine_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tenspine grouper\" target=\"_new\">Tenspine grouper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellowedge_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Yellowedge grouper\" target=\"_new\">Yellowedge grouper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><\/i> ()<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_mystacinus\" title=\"Hyporthodus mystacinus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hyporthodus mystacinus<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Misty_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Misty grouper\" target=\"_new\">Misty grouper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_nigritus\" title=\"Hyporthodus nigritus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hyporthodus nigritus<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Warsaw grouper\" target=\"_new\">Warsaw grouper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><\/i> ()<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_niveatus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hyporthodus niveatus\" target=\"_new\">Hyporthodus niveatus<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snowy_grouper\" title=\"Snowy grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Snowy grouper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_octofasciatus\" title=\"Hyporthodus octofasciatus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hyporthodus octofasciatus<\/a><\/i> ()<\/li>\n<li><i><\/i> ()<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_quernus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hyporthodus quernus\" target=\"_new\">Hyporthodus quernus<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaiian_grouper\" title=\"Hawaiian grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hawaiian grouper<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyporthodus_septemfasciatus\" title=\"Hyporthodus septemfasciatus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hyporthodus septemfasciatus<\/a><\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convict_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Convict grouper\" target=\"_new\">Convict grouper<\/a>)<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mycteroperca\" title=\"Mycteroperca\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mycteroperca<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Black grouper\" target=\"_new\">Black grouper (<i>M. bonaci<\/i>) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venezuelan_grouper\" title=\"Venezuelan grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Venezuelan grouper (<i>M. cidi<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_grouper\" title=\"Gulf grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gulf grouper (<i>M. jordani<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mycteroperca_microlepis\" title=\"Mycteroperca microlepis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gag grouper (<i>M. microlepis<\/i>) <\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sailfin_grouper\" title=\"Sailfin grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sailfin grouper (<i>M. olfax<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sawtail_grouper\" title=\"Sawtail grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sawtail grouper (<i>M. prionura<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mycteroperca_rosacea\" title=\"Mycteroperca rosacea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Leopard grouper (<i>M. rosacea<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mottled_grouper\" title=\"Mottled grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mottled grouper (<i>M. rubra<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiger_grouper\" title=\"Tiger grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tiger grouper (<i>M. tigris<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broomtail_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Broomtail grouper\" target=\"_new\">Broomtail grouper (<i>M. xenarcha<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellowfin_grouper\" title=\"Yellowfin grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Yellowfin grouper (<i>M. venenosa<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scamp_grouper\" title=\"Scamp grouper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Scamp grouper (<i>M. phenax<\/i>)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellowmouth_grouper\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Yellowmouth grouper\" target=\"_new\">Yellowmouth grouper (<i>M. interstitialis<\/i>)<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paranthias\" title=\"Paranthias\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Paranthias<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plectropomus\" title=\"Plectropomus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Plectropomus<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plectropomus_areolatus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Plectropomus areolatus\" target=\"_new\">Plectropomus areolatus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plectropomus_laevis\" title=\"Plectropomus laevis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Plectropomus laevis<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plectropomus_leopardus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Plectropomus leopardus\" target=\"_new\">Plectropomus leopardus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plectropomus_maculatus\" title=\"Plectropomus maculatus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Plectropomus maculatus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plectropomus_pessuliferus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Plectropomus pessuliferus\" target=\"_new\">Plectropomus pessuliferus<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><\/i><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saloptia\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Saloptia\" target=\"_new\">Saloptia<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saloptia_powelli\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Saloptia powelli\" target=\"_new\">Saloptia powelli <\/a><\/i><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triso\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Triso\" target=\"_new\">Triso<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triso_dermopterus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Triso dermopterus\" target=\"_new\">Triso dermopterus<\/a><\/i><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variola_(fish)\" title=\"Variola (fish)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Variola<\/a><\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Variola_albimarginata\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Variola albimarginata\" target=\"_new\">Variola albimarginata<\/a><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow-edged_lyretail\" title=\"Yellow-edged lyretail\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Variola louti<\/a><\/i><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<div class=\"portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\"><span class=\"portal-bar-header\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\" title=\"Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Portals<\/a>:<\/span><ul class=\"portal-bar-content\"><li class=\"portal-bar-item\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Antennarius_striatus.jpg\/40px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"13\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Fish\" title=\"Portal:Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish<\/a><\/li><li class=\"portal-bar-item\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a0\/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\/40px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Marine_biology\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Portal:Marine biology\" target=\"_new\">marine biology<\/a><\/li><li class=\"portal-bar-item\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a0\/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\/40px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"17\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Marine_life\" title=\"Portal:Marine life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">marine life<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064\" \/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1353707246\" \/><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers6513\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers6513\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Chromileptes<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q2497151\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q2497151\" target=\"_new\">Q2497151<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Chromileptes\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Chromileptes\" target=\"_new\">Chromileptes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Chromileptes\" target=\"_new\">Chromileptes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=5969\" target=\"_new\">5969<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/3W4G\" target=\"_new\">3W4G<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/46579761\" target=\"_new\">46579761<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2387946\" target=\"_new\">2387946<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/52562\" target=\"_new\">52562<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342041\" target=\"_new\">1342041<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167946\" target=\"_new\">167946<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/304458\/\" target=\"_new\">304458<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=1008448\" target=\"_new\">1008448<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205473\" target=\"_new\">205473<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Chromileptes altivelis<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q664133\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q664133\" target=\"_new\">Q664133<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Chromileptes_altivelis\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Chromileptes altivelis\" target=\"_new\">Chromileptes altivelis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Cromileptes\/\" target=\"_new\">Cromileptes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Chromileptes_altivelis\" target=\"_new\">Chromileptes_altivelis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=669662\" target=\"_new\">669662<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/ZL9N\" target=\"_new\">ZL9N<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/46579762\" target=\"_new\">46579762<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.ca\/summary\/6457\" target=\"_new\">6457<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2387947\" target=\"_new\">2387947<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/52551\" target=\"_new\">52551<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10762791\" target=\"_new\">10762791<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasive_Species_Compendium\" title=\"Invasive Species Compendium\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ISC<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/datasheet\/87544\" target=\"_new\">87544<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167947\" target=\"_new\">167947<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/39774\/0\" target=\"_new\">39774<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">NAS: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/nas.er.usgs.gov\/queries\/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=966\" target=\"_new\">966<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/304459\/\" target=\"_new\">304459<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/791202\/\" target=\"_new\">791202<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/218193\" target=\"_new\">218193<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=1008449\" target=\"_new\">1008449<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0030756\" target=\"_new\">t0030756<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=218193\" target=\"_new\">218193<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Serranus altivelis<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q27986378\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q27986378\" target=\"_new\">Q27986378<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/4WWWK\" target=\"_new\">4WWWK<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2387951\" target=\"_new\">2387951<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10761462\" target=\"_new\">10761462<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=304810\" target=\"_new\">304810<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.codfw.main\u20107fc5d4fc44\u2010bzgk7\nCached time: 20260625003132\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Cite_IUCN (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, prevent\u2010selective\u2010update, show\u2010toc]\nCPU time usage: 0.908 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.101 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 8977\/1000000\nRevision size: 21199\/2097152 bytes\nPost\u2010expand include size: 137997\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 7511\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 21\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 30\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 116070\/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 0.595\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 13712990\/52428800 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 22\/500\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%  960.528      1 -total\n 31.96%  307.000      1 Template:Speciesbox\n 30.58%  293.713      1 Template:Taxobox\/core\n 26.76%  257.017      1 Template:Reflist\n 17.83%  171.253      1 Template:Taxonbar\n  7.00%   67.269      1 Template:Grouper\n  7.00%   67.221      1 Template:Cite_iucn\n  6.82%   65.534      1 Template:Navbox\n  5.58%   53.608      1 Template:Short_description\n  5.51%   52.890     10 Template:Cite_journal\n-->\n\n<!-- Render ID 36c65c41-702d-11f1-8095-7d3e90086a1c -->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:12612517:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20260625003132 and revision id 1360012471. Rendering was triggered because: unknown\n -->\n<\/div><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humpback_grouper\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humpback_grouper<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-search-form\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc-label\" for=\"vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Humpback grouper<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-history-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"history-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-watchstar-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"watch-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-edit-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"wikitext-edit-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-ve-edit-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ve-edit-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-viewsource-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ve-edit-protected-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language\"><\/span>\n\n<span>23 languages<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-addsection-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"addsection-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Add topic<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-end\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-user-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet\" id=\"rdp-we-p-dock-bottom\">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><!-- #rdp-we-main -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Genus<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Chromileptes<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Species<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">altivelis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1216,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[28],"product_tag":[192,191],"class_list":{"0":"post-242","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-fish","7":"product_tag-barramundi-cod","8":"product_tag-panther-grouper","10":"first","11":"instock","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Humpback grouper - Moalboal Reef Species<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Humpback grouper - Moalboal Reef Species\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Moalboal Reef Species\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-07-06T11:17:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/\",\"name\":\"Humpback grouper - Moalboal Reef Species\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-10-28T09:46:50+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-07-06T11:17:06+00:00\",\"description\":\"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg\",\"width\":960,\"height\":720},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Reef Species\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/reef-species\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Humpback grouper\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/\",\"name\":\"Moalboal Reef Species\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Moalboal Reef Species\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/logo-1.png\",\"width\":363,\"height\":146,\"caption\":\"Moalboal Reef Species\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Humpback grouper - Moalboal Reef Species","description":"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Humpback grouper - Moalboal Reef Species","og_description":"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.","og_url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/","og_site_name":"Moalboal Reef Species","article_modified_time":"2020-07-06T11:17:06+00:00","og_image":[{"width":960,"height":720,"url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/","url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/","name":"Humpback grouper - Moalboal Reef Species","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg","datePublished":"2019-10-28T09:46:50+00:00","dateModified":"2020-07-06T11:17:06+00:00","description":"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef ecosystem.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Cromileptes_altivelis-temp.jpg","width":960,"height":720},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/humpback-grouper\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Reef Species","item":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/reef-species\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Humpback grouper"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#website","url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/","name":"Moalboal Reef Species","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#organization","name":"Moalboal Reef Species","url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/logo-1.png","width":363,"height":146,"caption":"Moalboal Reef Species"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/242","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=242"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=242"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=242"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}