{"id":172,"date":"2019-10-21T04:22:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-21T04:22:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=172"},"modified":"2020-07-06T11:09:24","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T11:09:24","slug":"giant-trevally","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/giant-trevally\/","title":{"rendered":"Giant trevally"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_trevally\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Taxonomy_and_phylogeny\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Taxonomy and phylogeny<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Distribution\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Distribution<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology_and_ecology\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Biology_and_ecology\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Biology and ecology<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Biology_and_ecology-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Biology and ecology subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology_and_ecology-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Diet_and_feeding\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Diet_and_feeding\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Diet and feeding<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Life_history\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Life_history\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Life history<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Life_history-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relationship_to_humans\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Relationship_to_humans\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Relationship to humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Relationship_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Relationship to humans subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relationship_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Artisanal_and_commercial_fisheries\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Artisanal_and_commercial_fisheries\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Artisanal and commercial fisheries<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Artisanal_and_commercial_fisheries-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Recreational_fishing\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Recreational_fishing\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Recreational fishing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Recreational_fishing-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Conservation\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Conservation\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Conservation<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Conservation-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">30 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ace.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geureup%C3%B4h\" title=\"Geureup\u00f4h \u2013 Acehnese\" lang=\"ace\" hreflang=\"ace\" data-title=\"Geureup\u00f4h\" data-language-autonym=\"Ac\u00e8h\" data-language-local-name=\"Acehnese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ac\u00e8h<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuse-koningvis\" title=\"Reuse-koningvis \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Reuse-koningvis\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82\" title=\"\u0634\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u2013 Arabic\" lang=\"ar\" hreflang=\"ar\" data-title=\"\u0634\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\" data-language-local-name=\"Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82\" title=\"\u0634\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u2013 Egyptian Arabic\" lang=\"arz\" hreflang=\"arz\" data-title=\"\u0634\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649\" data-language-local-name=\"Egyptian Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sorella_gegant\" title=\"Sorella gegant \u2013 Catalan\" lang=\"ca\" hreflang=\"ca\" data-title=\"Sorella gegant\" data-language-autonym=\"Catal\u00e0\" data-language-local-name=\"Catalan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Catal\u00e0<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Deutsch\" data-language-local-name=\"German\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Deutsch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%91%DE%A6_%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%8B%DE%A8\" title=\"\u0789\u07aa\u0791\u07a6 \u0780\u07a6\u0782\u078b\u07a8 \u2013 Divehi\" lang=\"dv\" hreflang=\"dv\" data-title=\"\u0789\u07aa\u0791\u07a6 \u0780\u07a6\u0782\u078b\u07a8\" data-language-autonym=\"\u078b\u07a8\u0788\u07ac\u0780\u07a8\u0784\u07a6\u0790\u07b0\" data-language-local-name=\"Divehi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u078b\u07a8\u0788\u07ac\u0780\u07a8\u0784\u07a6\u0790\u07b0<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 Basque\" lang=\"eu\" hreflang=\"eu\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Euskara\" data-language-local-name=\"Basque\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Euskara<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF\" title=\"\u0634\u0627\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u0634\u0627\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%A4ttipiikkimakrilli\" title=\"J\u00e4ttipiikkimakrilli \u2013 Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" data-title=\"J\u00e4ttipiikkimakrilli\" data-language-autonym=\"Suomi\" data-language-local-name=\"Finnish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Suomi<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fj.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saqaleka\" title=\"Saqaleka \u2013 Fijian\" lang=\"fj\" hreflang=\"fj\" data-title=\"Saqaleka\" data-language-autonym=\"Na Vosa Vakaviti\" data-language-local-name=\"Fijian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7\" title=\"\u05e6\u05e0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05e0\u05e7 \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05e6\u05e0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05e0\u05e7\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuwe_gerong\" title=\"Kuwe gerong \u2013 Indonesian\" lang=\"id\" hreflang=\"id\" data-title=\"Kuwe gerong\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Indonesia\" data-language-local-name=\"Indonesian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Bahasa Indonesia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8\" title=\"\u30ed\u30a6\u30cb\u30f3\u30a2\u30b8 \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30ed\u30a6\u30cb\u30f3\u30a2\u30b8\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%AC%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B0%88%EC%A0%84%EA%B0%B1%EC%9D%B4\" title=\"\ubb34\uba85\uac08\uc804\uac31\uc774 \u2013 Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" data-title=\"\ubb34\uba85\uac08\uc804\uac31\uc774\" data-language-autonym=\"\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4\" data-language-local-name=\"Korean\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1\" title=\"\u0d35\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31 \u2013 Malayalam\" lang=\"ml\" hreflang=\"ml\" data-title=\"\u0d35\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02\" data-language-local-name=\"Malayalam\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belokok_mamung\" title=\"Belokok mamung \u2013 Malay\" lang=\"ms\" hreflang=\"ms\" data-title=\"Belokok mamung\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Melayu\" data-language-local-name=\"Malay\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Bahasa Melayu<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xar%C3%A9u-gigante\" title=\"Xar\u00e9u-gigante \u2013 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Xar\u00e9u-gigante\" data-language-autonym=\"Portugu\u00eas\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81\" title=\"\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0451\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0441 \u2013 Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" data-title=\"\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0451\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0441\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\" data-language-local-name=\"Russian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" title=\"Caranx ignobilis \u2013 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" data-title=\"Caranx ignobilis\" data-language-autonym=\"Svenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Swedish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Svenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88\" title=\"\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u2013 Tamil\" lang=\"ta\" hreflang=\"ta\" data-title=\"\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bc8\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\" data-language-local-name=\"Tamil\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item\"><a 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data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of fish<\/div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<p>The <b>giant trevally<\/b> (<i><b>Caranx ignobilis<\/b><\/i>), also known as the <b>lowly trevally<\/b>, <b>barrier trevally<\/b>, <b>giant kingfish<\/b>, or <i><b>ulua<\/b><\/i>, is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\" title=\"Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">species<\/a> of large <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean\" title=\"Ocean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">marine<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fish<\/a> classified in the jack <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carangidae\" title=\"Carangidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Carangidae<\/a>. The giant trevally is distributed throughout the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tropical\" target=\"_new\">tropical<\/a> waters of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pacific\" title=\"Indo-Pacific\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indo-Pacific<\/a> region, with a range stretching from South Africa to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaii\" title=\"Hawaii\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hawaii<\/a>, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. \n<\/p><p>The giant trevally is distinguished by its steep head profile, strong tail <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scute\" title=\"Scute\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">scutes<\/a>, and a variety of other more detailed anatomical features. It is normally a silvery colour with occasional dark spots, but males may be black once they mature. It is the largest fish in the genus <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx\" title=\"Caranx\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Caranx<\/a><\/i>, growing to a maximum known size of 170&#160;cm (67&#160;in) and a weight of 80&#160;kg (176&#160;lb). The giant trevally inhabits a wide range of marine environments, from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estuaries\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Estuaries\" target=\"_new\">estuaries<\/a>, shallow bays, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lagoon\" title=\"Lagoon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lagoons<\/a> as a juvenile to deeper <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reef\" title=\"Reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">reefs<\/a>, offshore <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atoll\" title=\"Atoll\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">atolls<\/a>, and large embayments as an adult. Juveniles of the species are known to live in waters of very low <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salinity\" title=\"Salinity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">salinity<\/a> such as coastal lakes and upper reaches of rivers, and tend to prefer <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turbidity\" title=\"Turbidity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">turbid<\/a> waters.\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally is an&#160;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apex_predator\" title=\"Apex predator\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">apex predator<\/a> in most of its habitats, and is known to hunt individually and in schools. The species predominantly takes various fish as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prey\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Prey\" target=\"_new\">prey<\/a>, although <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crustacean\" title=\"Crustacean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crustaceans<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopod\" title=\"Cephalopod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cephalopods<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mollusc\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Mollusc\" target=\"_new\">molluscs<\/a> make up a considerable part of their diets in some regions. Their novel hunting strategies include shadowing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monk_seal\" title=\"Monk seal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">monk seals<\/a> to pick off escaping prey, using <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shark\" title=\"Shark\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sharks<\/a> to ambush prey, and leaping to catch birds.\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally reproduces in the warmer months, with peaks differing by region. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawn_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spawn (biology)\" target=\"_new\">Spawning<\/a> occurs at specific stages of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_cycle\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Lunar cycle\" target=\"_new\">lunar cycle<\/a>, when large schools congregate to spawn over reefs and bays, with reproductive behaviour observed in the wild. The fish grow relatively fast, reaching <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_maturity\" title=\"Sexual maturity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sexual maturity<\/a> at a length around 60&#160;cm at three years of age.\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally is both an important species to commercial <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fisheries\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Fisheries\" target=\"_new\">fisheries<\/a> and a recognised <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamefish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gamefish\" target=\"_new\">gamefish<\/a>, with the species taken by nets and lines by professionals and by bait and lures by anglers. Catch statistics in the Asian region show hauls of 4,000\u201310,000 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonnes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tonnes\" target=\"_new\">tonnes<\/a>, while around 10,000 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pound_(mass)\" title=\"Pound (mass)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lb<\/a> of the species are taken in Hawaii each year. The species is considered poor to excellent <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_as_food\" title=\"Fish as food\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">table fare<\/a> by different authors, although <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciguatera\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ciguatera\" target=\"_new\">ciguatera<\/a> poisoning is common from eating the fish. Dwindling numbers around the main Hawaiian Islands have also led to several proposals to reduce the catch of fish in this region.\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny\">Taxonomy and phylogeny<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The giant trevally is classified within the genus <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx\" title=\"Caranx\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Caranx<\/a><\/i>, one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies. <i>Caranx<\/i> itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carangidae\" title=\"Carangidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Carangidae<\/a>, which in turn is part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Order_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Order (biology)\" target=\"_new\">order<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carangiformes\" title=\"Carangiformes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Carangiformes<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Nelson5&#95;2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nelson5-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally was first <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_classification\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Scientific classification\" target=\"_new\">scientifically described<\/a> by Swedish <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naturalist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Naturalist\" target=\"_new\">naturalist<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l\" title=\"Peter Forssk\u00e5l\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Peter Forssk\u00e5l<\/a> in 1775 based on specimens taken from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red Sea<\/a> off both Yemen and Saudi Arabia, with one of these designated to be the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holotype\" title=\"Holotype\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">holotype<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Zoocat&#95;3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Zoocat-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> He named the species <i>Scomber ignobilis<\/i>, with the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_name_(zoology)\" title=\"Specific name (zoology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">specific epithet<\/a> Latin for \"unknown\", \"obscure\" or \"ignoble\".<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It was assigned to the mackerel genus <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scomber\" title=\"Scomber\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Scomber<\/a><\/i>, where many carangids were placed before they were classified as a separate family. This later revision in classification saw the species moved to the genus <i>Caranx<\/i>, where it has remained.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Even after its initial description, the giant trevally (and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bigeye_trevally\" title=\"Bigeye trevally\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bigeye trevally<\/a>) were often confused with the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean\" title=\"Atlantic Ocean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Atlantic<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crevalle_jack\" title=\"Crevalle jack\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crevalle jack<\/a>, <i>Caranx hippos<\/i>, due to their superficial similarity, which led to some authors claiming the crevalle jack had a circumtropical distribution.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith-Vaniz&#95;&amp;&#95;Carpenter&#95;(2007)&#95;6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith-Vaniz_&amp;_Carpenter_(2007)-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> After Forssk\u00e5l's initial description and naming, the species was independently renamed three times as  <i>Caranx lessonii<\/i>, <i>Caranx ekala<\/i> and <i>Carangus hippoides<\/i>, all of which are now considered invalid <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junior_synonym\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Junior synonym\" target=\"_new\">junior synonyms<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-CoF&#95;7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-CoF-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The latter of these names once again highlighted the similarity with the crevalle jack, with the epithet <i>hippoides<\/i> essentially meaning \"like <i>Carangus hippos<\/i>\",<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> which was the crevalle jack's Latin name at that time. Despite the resemblance with the crevalle jack, the two species have never been phylogenetically compared, either morphologically or genetically, to determine their relationship.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p><p><i>C. ignobilis<\/i> is most <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">commonly<\/a> referred to as the giant trevally (or giant kingfish) due to its large maximum size, with this often abbreviated to simply GT by many anglers.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-knaggs&#95;9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-knaggs-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Other names occasionally used include lowly trevally, barrier trevally, yellowfin jack (not to be confused with <i><\/i>), Forssk\u00e5l's Indo-Pacific jack fish and Goyan fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaii\" title=\"Hawaii\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hawaii<\/a>, the species is almost exclusively referred to as <i>ulua<\/i>, often in conjunction with the prefixes black, white, or giant.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hawaii&#95;10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hawaii-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Due to its wide distribution, many other names for the species in different languages are also used.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the Philippines, the species is referred to as <i>talakitok<\/i>.   Some success has been achieved in raising giant trevally commercially in small fish farms there, typically to an age of seven months.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Giant_Trevally_at_Guam%27s_Gab_Gab_II_reef.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0a\/Giant_Trevally_at_Guam%27s_Gab_Gab_II_reef.jpg\/250px-Giant_Trevally_at_Guam%27s_Gab_Gab_II_reef.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Profile of an adult giant trevally<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>The giant trevally is the largest member of the genus <i>Caranx<\/i>, and the fifth-largest member of the family Carangidae (exceeded by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellowtail_amberjack\" title=\"Yellowtail amberjack\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">yellowtail amberjack<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greater_amberjack\" title=\"Greater amberjack\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">greater amberjack<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leerfish\" title=\"Leerfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">leerfish<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainbow_runner\" title=\"Rainbow runner\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">rainbow runner<\/a>), with a recorded maximum length of 170&#160;cm (67&#160;in) and a weight of 80&#160;kg (180&#160;lb).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Specimens of 50 kg and above are not uncommon in sportfishing. The Hallaniyat Islands in southern Oman are the most prolific places for these large fish, with fish of 100&#160;lb (45&#160;kg) being caught almost daily. Unfortunately in recent times, the fishery has dwindled with commercial pressure and fish that size are becoming ever rarer throughout the islands. \n<\/p><p>The giant trevally is similar in shape to a number of other large jacks and trevallies, having an ovate, moderately compressed body with the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral\" title=\"Anatomical terms of location\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dorsal<\/a> profile more convex than the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral\" title=\"Anatomical terms of location\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ventral<\/a> profile, particularly <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior\" title=\"Anatomical terms of location\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anteriorly<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dorsal_fin\" title=\"Dorsal fin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dorsal fin<\/a> is in two parts, the first consisting of eight <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_anatomy#Spines_and_rays\" title=\"Fish anatomy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spines<\/a> and the second of one spine followed by 18 to 21 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_anatomy#Spines_and_rays\" title=\"Fish anatomy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">soft rays<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anal_fin\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Anal fin\" target=\"_new\">anal fin<\/a> consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 15 to 17 soft rays.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Oman&#95;11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Oman-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelvic_fin\" title=\"Pelvic fin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pelvic fins<\/a> contain 1 spine and 19 to 21 soft rays.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lin1999&#95;12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lin1999-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caudal_fin\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Caudal fin\" target=\"_new\">caudal fin<\/a> is strongly forked, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pectoral_fin\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pectoral fin\" target=\"_new\">pectoral fins<\/a> are falcate, being longer than the length of the head. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lateral_line\" title=\"Lateral line\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lateral line<\/a> has a pronounced and moderately long anterior arch, with the curved section intersecting the straight section below the lobe of the second dorsal fin. The curved section of the lateral line contains 58-64 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scale_(zoology)\" title=\"Scale (zoology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">scales<\/a>,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lin1999&#95;12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lin1999-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> while the straight section contains none to four scales and 26 to 38 very strong <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scute\" title=\"Scute\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">scutes<\/a>. The chest is devoid of scales with the exception of a small patch of scales in front of the pelvic fins.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Allen&#95;13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Allen-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The upper jaw contains a series of strong outer <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canine_tooth\" title=\"Canine tooth\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">canines<\/a> with an inner band of smaller teeth, while the lower jaw contains a single row of conical teeth. The species has 20 to 24 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill_raker\" title=\"Gill raker\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gill rakers<\/a> in total and 24 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertebrae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Vertebrae\" target=\"_new\">vertebrae<\/a> are present.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FAO&#95;CP&#95;14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_CP-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\nThe eye is covered by a moderately well-developed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adipose_eyelid\" title=\"Adipose eyelid\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">adipose eyelid<\/a>, and the posterior extremity of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaw\" title=\"Jaw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">jaw<\/a> is vertically under or just past the posterior margin of the pupil.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FAO&#95;CP&#95;14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_CP-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The eye of the giant trevally has a horizontal streak in which <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganglion\" title=\"Ganglion\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ganglion<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photoreceptor_cell\" title=\"Photoreceptor cell\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">photoreceptor cell<\/a> densities are markedly greater than the rest of the eye. This is believed to allow the fish to gain a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panorama\" title=\"Panorama\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">panoramic<\/a> view of its surroundings, removing the need to constantly move the eye, which in turn will allow easier of detection of prey or predators in that field of view.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>At sizes less than 50&#160;cm, the giant trevally is a silvery-grey fish, with the head and upper body slightly darker in both sexes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Talbot&#95;16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Talbot-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Fish greater than 50&#160;cm show <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_dimorphism\" title=\"Sexual dimorphism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sexual dimorphism<\/a> in their colouration, with males having dusky to jet-black bodies, while females are a much lighter coloured silvery-grey.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Talbot&#95;16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Talbot-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Individuals with darker dorsal colouration often also display striking silvery <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/striation\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikt:striation\" target=\"_new\">striations<\/a> and markings on the upper part of their bodies, particularly their backs.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-knaggs&#95;9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-knaggs-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Black dots of a few millimetres in diameter may also be found scattered all over the body, although the coverage of these dots varies between widespread to none at all. All the fins are generally light grey to black, although fish taken from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turbid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Turbid\" target=\"_new\">turbid<\/a> waters often have yellowish fins, with the anal fin being the brightest.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FAO&#95;CP&#95;14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_CP-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The leading edges and tips of the anal and dorsal fins are generally lighter in colour than the main part of the fins. There is no black spot on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operculum_(fish)\" title=\"Operculum (fish)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">operculum<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Oman&#95;11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Oman-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Traces of broad cross-bands on the fish's sides are occasionally seen after death. The fishes have been known to prey and eat on the dead fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Nichols&#95;GT&#95;17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nichols_GT-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution\">Distribution<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Black_giant_trevally.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Black_giant_trevally.jpg\/250px-Black_giant_trevally.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>A mature male giant trevally showing the black colouration common in these older fish<\/figcaption><\/figure> \n<p>The giant trevally is widely distributed throughout the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Tropical\" target=\"_new\">tropical<\/a> and subtropical waters of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bay_of_Bengal\" title=\"Bay of Bengal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bay of Bengal<\/a> and Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging along the coasts of three <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continent\" title=\"Continent\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">continents<\/a> and many hundreds of smaller islands and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archipelago\" title=\"Archipelago\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">archipelagos<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FAO&#95;CP&#95;14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_CP-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the Indian Ocean, the species' westernmost range is the coast of continental Africa, being distributed from the southern tip of South Africa<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-SAfrica&#95;18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SAfrica-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> north along the east African coastline to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red Sea<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf\" title=\"Persian Gulf\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Persian Gulf<\/a>. Its range extends eastwards along the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asia\" title=\"Asia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Asian<\/a> coastline, including Pakistan, India and into Southeast Asia, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malay_Archipelago\" title=\"Malay Archipelago\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indonesian Archipelago<\/a> and northern Australia.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The southernmost record from the west coast of Australia comes from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rottnest_Island\" title=\"Rottnest Island\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Rottnest Island<\/a>,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hutchins&#95;19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hutchins-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> not far offshore from  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perth,_Western_Australia\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Perth, Western Australia\" target=\"_new\">Perth<\/a>. Elsewhere in the Indian Ocean, the species has been recorded from hundreds of small island groups, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maldives\" title=\"Maldives\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Maldives<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seychelles\" title=\"Seychelles\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Seychelles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madagascar\" title=\"Madagascar\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Madagascar<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands\" title=\"Cocos (Keeling) Islands\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cocos (Keeling) Islands<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally is abundant in the central Indo-Pacific region, found throughout all the archipelagos and offshore islands including Indonesia, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippines<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fiji\" title=\"Fiji\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fiji<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solomon_Islands\" title=\"Solomon Islands\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Solomon Islands<\/a>. Along continental Asia, the species has been recorded from Malaysia to Vietnam, but not China.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;5-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Despite this, its offshore range does extend north to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong\" title=\"Hong Kong\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hong Kong<\/a>, Taiwan, and southern Japan.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FAO&#95;CP&#95;14-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_CP-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Lin1999&#95;12-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Lin1999-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>  In the south, the species reaches as far south as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_South_Wales\" title=\"New South Wales\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">New South Wales<\/a> in Australia<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hutchins&#95;19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hutchins-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and even to the northern tip of New Zealand in the southern Pacific. Its distribution continues throughout the western Pacific, including <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonga\" title=\"Tonga\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tonga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Samoa\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Western Samoa\" target=\"_new\">Western Samoa<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polynesia\" title=\"Polynesia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Polynesia<\/a>, with its easternmost limits known to be the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitcairn\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pitcairn\" target=\"_new\">Pitcairn<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawaii\" title=\"Hawaii\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hawaiian<\/a> Islands.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hawaii&#95;10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hawaii-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Allen&#95;13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Allen-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Two were documented in the eastern tropical Pacific in the 2010s (one captured off Panama and another sighted at the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gal%C3%A1pagos\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gal\u00e1pagos\" target=\"_new\">Gal\u00e1pagos<\/a>), but whether the species will become established there remains to be seen.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Habitat\">Habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Giant_trevally_reef.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/11\/Giant_trevally_reef.jpg\/250px-Giant_trevally_reef.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"135\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>A giant trevally patrolling a reef in Hawaii<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The giant trevally inhabits a very wide range of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shore\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Shore\" target=\"_new\">offshore<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inshore\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Inshore\" target=\"_new\">inshore<\/a> marine environments, with the species also known to tolerate the low <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salinity\" title=\"Salinity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">salinity<\/a> waters of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estuaries\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Estuaries\" target=\"_new\">estuaries<\/a> and rivers. It is a semipelagic fish known to spend time throughout the water column, but is mostly <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demersal\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Demersal\" target=\"_new\">demersal<\/a> in nature.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\nThe species is most common in shallow coastal waters in a number of environments, including coral and rocky <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reef\" title=\"Reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">reefs<\/a> and shorefaces, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lagoon\" title=\"Lagoon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lagoons<\/a>, embayments, tidal flats and channels. They commonly move between reef patches, often over large expanses of deeper sand and mud bottoms between the reefs.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith&#95;Parrish&#95;22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Parrish-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wetherbee04&#95;23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wetherbee04-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Older individuals tend to move to deeper seaward reefs, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombora\" title=\"Bombora\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bomboras<\/a> and drop-offs away from the protection of fringing reefs, often to depths greater than 80 m.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Leis&#95;2006&#95;24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Leis_2006-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Meyer07&#95;25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Large individuals, however, often return to these shallower waters as they patrol their ranges, often to hunt or reproduce.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Meyer07&#95;25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In Hawaii, the juvenile to subadult giant trevally is the most common large carangid in the protected inshore waters, with all other species apparently preferring the outer, less protected reefs.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hawaiijack&#95;26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hawaiijack-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is also easily attracted to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_reef\" title=\"Artificial reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">artificial reefs<\/a>, where studies have found it to be one of the predominant species around these structures in Taiwan.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Juvenile to subadult giant trevally are known to enter and inhabit estuaries, the upper reaches of rivers and coastal lakes in several locations, including South Africa,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-blaberbook&#95;28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-blaberbook-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Solomon Islands,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-SJMBlaber&#95;29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SJMBlaber-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Philippines, India,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Rao1995&#95;30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Rao1995-30\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Taiwan,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Kuo1999&#95;31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Kuo1999-31\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Thailand,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Trang2002&#95;32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Trang2002-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> northern Australia,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-blaberaus&#95;33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-blaberaus-33\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and Hawaii.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith&#95;Parrish&#95;22-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Parrish-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In some of these locations, such as Australia, it is a common and relatively abundant inhabitant,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-SJMBlaber&#95;29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SJMBlaber-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> while in others, including South Africa and Hawaii, it is much rarer in estuaries.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith&#95;Parrish&#95;22-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Parrish-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The species has a wide <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salinity\" title=\"Salinity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">salinity<\/a> tolerance, as evident from the ranges from which juvenile and subadult fish in South African estuaries have been recorded; 0.5 to 38 parts per thousand (ppt),<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Natal&#95;34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Natal-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> with other studies also showing tolerance levels of less than 1 ppt.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-blaberbook&#95;28-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-blaberbook-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In these estuaries, the giant trevally is known from both highly <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turbid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Turbid\" target=\"_new\">turbid<\/a>, dirty water to clean, high visibility waters, but in most cases, the species prefers the turbid waters.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith&#95;Parrish&#95;22-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Parrish-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Younger fish apparently actively seek out these turbid waters, and when no estuaries are present, they live in the turbid inshore waters of bays and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beach\" title=\"Beach\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">beaches<\/a>. These young fish eventually move to inshore reefs as they mature, before again moving to deeper outer reefs.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hawaiijack&#95;26-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hawaiijack-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>In the Philippines, a population of giant trevally inhabit (and were once common in) the landlocked fresh waters of the formerly saltwater <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taal_Lake\" title=\"Taal Lake\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taal Lake<\/a>, and are referred to as <i>maliputo<\/i> to distinguish them from the marine variant (locally named <i>talakitok<\/i>).  Along with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taal_Volcano\" title=\"Taal Volcano\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taal Volcano<\/a> and Taal Lake, the  <i>maliputo<\/i> is prominently featured on the reverse side of the newly redesigned <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso#New_Generation_Banknote_Series\" title=\"Banknotes of the Philippine peso\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippine 50 peso bill<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-pesostar&#95;35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pesostar-35\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>35<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Biology_and_ecology\">Biology and ecology<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The giant trevally is a solitary fish once it reaches <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_maturity\" title=\"Sexual maturity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sexual maturity<\/a>,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-SAfrica&#95;18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SAfrica-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> only schooling for the purposes of reproduction and more rarely for feeding.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Juveniles and subadults commonly school, both in marine and estuarine environments. Observations from South African estuaries indicate the schools of smaller juveniles tend not to intermingle with schools of other species, but larger subadults are known to form mixed-species schools with the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brassy_trevally\" title=\"Brassy trevally\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">brassy trevally<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Natal&#95;34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Natal-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Research has been conducted on the movements of larger fish around their habitats, as well as the movement between habitats as the species grows, to understand how marine reserves impact on the species. Adult giant trevally are known to range back and forth up to 9&#160;km along a home range, with some evidence of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diel_vertical_migration\" title=\"Diel vertical migration\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">diel<\/a> and seasonal shifts in habitat use.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Meyer07&#95;25-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In the Hawaiian Islands, giant trevally do not normally move between <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atoll\" title=\"Atoll\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">atolls<\/a>, but have specific core areas where they spend most their time. Within these core areas, habitat shifts during different times of the day have been recorded, with the fish being most active at dawn and dusk, and usually shifting location near sunrise or sunset.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Meyer07&#95;25-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Furthermore, large seasonal <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_migration\" title=\"Fish migration\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">migrations<\/a> appear to occur for the purpose of aggregating for spawning, with this also known from the Solomon Islands.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sol&#95;36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sol-36\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Despite not moving between atolls, they do make periodic atoll-wide journeys of up to 29&#160;km.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Meyer07&#95;25-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Long-term studies show juveniles can move up to 70&#160;km away from their protected habitats to outer reefs and atolls.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wetherbee04&#95;23-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wetherbee04-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The giant trevally is one of the most important <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apex_predator\" title=\"Apex predator\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">apex predators<\/a> in its habitats, both as adults on reefs and as juveniles in estuaries.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-blaberaus&#95;33-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-blaberaus-33\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Observations in relatively untouched waters of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands\" title=\"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">northwestern Hawaiian Islands<\/a> showed the giant trevally was of high ecological importance, constituting 71% of the apex predator <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomass_(ecology)\" title=\"Biomass (ecology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">biomass<\/a>, and was the dominant apex predator. This number is considerably less in heavily fished Hawaiian waters.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Friedlander02&#95;37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Friedlander02-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The species is prey to sharks, especially when small. Conversely, adult giant trevallies, either singles or pairs, have been recorded attacking sharks (like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blacktip_reef_shark\" title=\"Blacktip reef shark\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">blacktip reef shark<\/a>) by ramming them repeatedly with their head. The shark, sometimes even larger than the trevally, may die from the attack. The reason for this behavior is unclear, but the giant trevally does not attempt to eat the dead shark. Rarely, they have been recorded behaving in the same way towards humans: A spearfisher in Hawaii broke three ribs when rammed by a giant trevally.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>38<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-39\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-39\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>39<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Large giant trevallies have been recorded as a host of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sharksucker\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sharksucker\" target=\"_new\">sharksucker<\/a>, <i>Echeneis naucrates<\/i>, a fish which is normally seen attached to the undersides of sharks.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-40\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-40\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>40<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Diet_and_feeding\">Diet and feeding<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Giant_trevally_head-on.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/Giant_trevally_head-on.jpg\/250px-Giant_trevally_head-on.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Frontal view of a giant trevally illustrating the compressed form of the species<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The giant trevally is a powerful <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predatory_fish\" title=\"Predatory fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">predatory fish<\/a>, from the estuaries it inhabits as a juvenile to the outer reefs and atolls it patrols as an adult.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith&#95;Parrish&#95;22-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Parrish-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Hunting appears to occur at different times of the day in different areas of its range; off South Africa it is most active during the day, especially at dawn and dusk,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-SAfrica&#95;18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SAfrica-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> while off <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zanzibar\" title=\"Zanzibar\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Zanzibar<\/a> and Hong Kong, it is nocturnal in its habits.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williams&#95;1965&#95;41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams_1965-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-HK&#95;42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HK-42\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>42<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The species' diets have been determined in several countries and habitats; their diets generally vary slightly by locations and age. In all but one study (which was of juveniles), the giant trevally dominantly takes other fishes, with various <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crustacean\" title=\"Crustacean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crustaceans<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cephalopod\" title=\"Cephalopod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cephalopods<\/a> and occasionally <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mollusc\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Mollusc\" target=\"_new\">molluscs<\/a> making the remainder of the diet.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hawaii&#95;10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hawaii-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-43\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-43\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>43<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In Hawaii, the species has a predominantly fish-based diet consisting of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scaridae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Scaridae\" target=\"_new\">Scaridae<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labridae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Labridae\" target=\"_new\">Labridae<\/a>, with crustaceans, including <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lobster\" title=\"Lobster\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lobsters<\/a>, and cephalopods (squid and octopus) making up the remaining portion. The large number of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reef_fish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Reef fish\" target=\"_new\">reef fishes<\/a> suggests it spends much of its time foraging over shallow-water reef habitats, but the presence of squid and the schooling carangid <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decapterus_macarellus\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Decapterus macarellus\" target=\"_new\">Decapterus macarellus<\/a><\/i> indicates exploitation of more open-water habitats, as well.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Off Africa, the diet is similar, consisting mostly of fish including <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eel\" title=\"Eel\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">eels<\/a>, with minor squid, octopus, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mantis_shrimp\" title=\"Mantis shrimp\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mantis shrimp<\/a>, lobsters and other crustaceans.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williams&#95;1965&#95;41-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams_1965-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Younger fish inside <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaneohe_Bay\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Kaneohe Bay\" target=\"_new\">Kaneohe Bay<\/a>, Hawaii showed the only instance where crustaceans were preferred over fish; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stomatopod\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Stomatopod\" target=\"_new\">stomatopods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrimp\" title=\"Shrimp\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shrimp<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crab\" title=\"Crab\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crabs<\/a> were the most common prey taken at 89% of stomach content by volume, with fish, mostly of the family Blennidae, making up only 7% of the stomach contents.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Hawaiijack&#95;26-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Hawaiijack-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estuarine_fish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Estuarine fish\" target=\"_new\">Estuarine fish<\/a> in both Hawaii and Australia have mostly fish-based diets, with crustaceans such as prawns and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphipod\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Amphipod\" target=\"_new\">amphipods<\/a> also of importance, and they are known to take more novel prey, such as spiders and insects, in these habitats.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Smith&#95;Parrish&#95;22-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_Parrish-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-44\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-44\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>44<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Juvenile <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turtle\" title=\"Turtle\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">turtles<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dolphin\" title=\"Dolphin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dolphins<\/a> were reported being found within the stomach contents of larger giant trevally.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wyrsta&#95;45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wyrsta-45\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Studies of different size classes of fish have found their diets change with age in some locations, with the changes relating to an increased volume of fish taken.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Natal&#95;34-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Natal-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Giant trevally also feed on fledgling <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sooty_tern\" title=\"Sooty tern\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sooty terns<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farquhar_Atoll\" title=\"Farquhar Atoll\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Farquhar Atoll<\/a> snatching them from the water surface and even jumping acrobatically to catch them in the air as seen on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC\" title=\"BBC\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BBC<\/a> documentary <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Planet_II\" title=\"Blue Planet II\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Blue Planet II<\/a>, episode 1.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Blue&#95;Planet&#95;II&#95;46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Blue_Planet_II-46\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>46<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> So far this behaviour has not been observed elsewhere.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Studies in controlled environments on the giant trevally's feeding strategies have found <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shoaling_and_schooling#Predator_countermeasures\" title=\"Shoaling and schooling\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hunting in schools<\/a> increases their capture efficiency, but is not necessary for an individual's survival. When a school is formed during feeding, one individual will take a leading position, with others trailing behind it. Several individuals will attack the prey school, striking and stunning the prey, with the leading individual generally being more successful. Some individuals act individually and opportunistically within the school if one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prey_fish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Prey fish\" target=\"_new\">prey fish<\/a> becomes isolated, with the main advantage of schooling appearing to be the ability to further break up and isolate prey schools. The only time hunting in schools is a disadvantage is when only isolated prey are present, such as close to a reef; here, an individual hunter has a greater probability of capturing it than if a group is present.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>47<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Another hunting strategy of the giant trevally is to 'escort' <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monk_seal\" title=\"Monk seal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">monk seals<\/a>, a behavior which has been observed near the Hawaiian Islands. The trevally swim close by the seal, and when the seal stops to forage, the trevally positions its mouth inches away from the seal. If a prey item is disturbed, the trevally will attempt to steal the prey from the seal, which routinely does occur. The seal does not appear to gain any benefit from this relationship, and it is thought juvenile seals being followed in this way may be outcompeted by the larger fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>48<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> A similar strategy has been employed by fish in the presence of large reef <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shark\" title=\"Shark\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sharks<\/a>, as they use the larger animal as a tool to ambush prey.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wyrsta&#95;45-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wyrsta-45\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The opportunistic nature of giant trevally has also been made evident by studies on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mortality_rate\" title=\"Mortality rate\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mortality rate<\/a> of undersized or egg-bearing lobsters released from traps at the water's surface of the Hawaiian Islands. The fish are efficient predators of these crustaceans, with individuals often seizing a lobster before it could sink to the seafloor after being released, or attacking before the lobster moves into a defensive position. Some bolder, large individuals are even known to eat the lobster head first when it is in a defensive stance.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>49<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Life_history\">Life history<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Giant_trevally_school.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/19\/Giant_trevally_school.jpg\/250px-Giant_trevally_school.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>A school of subadult giant trevally in a sandy bay, Hawaii<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The giant trevally reaches <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_maturity\" title=\"Sexual maturity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sexual maturity<\/a> at 54 to 61&#160;cm in length and three to four years of age,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williams&#95;1965&#95;41-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams_1965-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> although many authors narrow this down to 60&#160;cm and three years of age.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-SAfrica&#95;18-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-SAfrica-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sex_ratio\" title=\"Sex ratio\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sex ratio<\/a> estimates from the Hawaiian Islands suggest the population is slightly skewed toward females, with the male:female ratio being 1:1.39.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawn_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spawn (biology)\" target=\"_new\">Spawning<\/a> occurs during the warmer months in most locations, although the exact dates differ by location. In southern Africa, this occurs between July and March, with a peak between November and March;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williams&#95;1965&#95;41-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams_1965-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> in the Philippines between December and January, with a lesser peak during June;<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-von&#95;50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-von-50\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>50<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and in Hawaii between April and November, with a major peak during May to August.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Lunar cycles are also known to control the spawning events, with large schools forming in certain locations at specific phases of the moon in Hawaii and the Solomon Islands.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Meyer07&#95;25-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-sol&#95;36-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sol-36\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Locations for spawning include reefs, the reef channels and offshore banks.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-HK&#95;42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HK-42\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>42<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Sampling of schools prior to spawning suggests the fish segregate into schools of only one sex, although the details are still unclear.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-williams&#95;1965&#95;41-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-williams_1965-41\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>41<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Observations in the natural habitat found spawning occurred during the day immediately after and just before the change of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tide\" title=\"Tide\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tide<\/a> when there were no <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_current\" title=\"Ocean current\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">currents<\/a>. Giant trevally gathered in schools of over 100 individuals, although ripe individuals occurred slightly deeper; around 2\u20133 m above the seabed in groups of three or four, with one silver female being chased by several black males.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-von&#95;50-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-von-50\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>50<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Eventually, a pair would sink down to a sandy bottom, where <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Egg (biology)\" target=\"_new\">eggs<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sperm\" title=\"Sperm\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sperm<\/a> were released. The fish then diverged and swam away. Each individual appears to spawn more than once in each period, with only part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gonad\" title=\"Gonad\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gonads<\/a> ripe in spawners. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fecundity\" title=\"Fecundity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fecundity<\/a> is not known, although females are known to release several thousand eggs on capture during the spawning process. Eggs are described as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelagic\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pelagic\" target=\"_new\">pelagic<\/a> and transparent in nature.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-von&#95;50-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-von-50\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>50<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally's early <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Larvae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Larvae\" target=\"_new\">larval<\/a> stages and their behaviour have been extensively described, with all fins having formed by at least 8&#160;mm in length, with larvae and subjuveniles being silver with six dark vertical bars.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Leis&#95;2006&#95;24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Leis_2006-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Laboratory populations of fish show a significant variability in the length at a certain age, with the average range being around 6.5&#160;mm. Growth rates in larvae between 8.0 and 16.5&#160;mm are on average 0.36&#160;mm per day. The speed at which larvae swim increases with age from 12&#160;cm\/s at 8&#160;mm in length to 40&#160;cm\/s at 16.5&#160;mm, with size rather than age a better predictor of this parameter.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Leis&#95;2006&#95;24-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Leis_2006-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Size is also a better predictor of endurance in larvae than age. These observations suggest the species becomes an effective swimmer (is able to swim against a current) around 7\u201314&#160;mm. No obvious relationships with age and either swimming depth or trajectory have been found. Larvae appear to also opportunistically feed on small <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zooplankton\" title=\"Zooplankton\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">zooplankton<\/a> while swimming. The larvae actively avoid other large fish, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jellyfish\" title=\"Jellyfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">jellyfish<\/a> are occasionally used as temporary cover. Larvae have no association with reefs, and appear to prefer to live <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelagic\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pelagic\" target=\"_new\">pelagically<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Leis&#95;2006&#95;24-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Leis_2006-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Daily growth is estimated at between 3.82 and 20.87 g\/day, with larger fish growing at a more rapid rate. Length at the age of one year is 18&#160;cm, at two years is 35&#160;cm and by three years, the fish is around 50 to 60&#160;cm.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The use of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Von_Bertalanffy\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Von Bertalanffy\" target=\"_new\">von Bertalanffy<\/a> growth curves fitted to observed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otolith\" title=\"Otolith\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">otolith<\/a> data show an individual of around 1 m in length is about eight years old, while a 1.7 m fish would be around 24 years old. The maximum theoretical length of the species predicted by the growth curves is 1.84 m,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Sudekum91&#95;21-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sudekum91-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> but the largest reported individual was 1.7 m long. As previously mentioned, as the giant trevally grows, it shifts from turbid inshore waters or estuaries to reefs and lagoons in bays, moving finally to outer reefs and atolls.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wetherbee04&#95;23-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wetherbee04-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \nA <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hybrid_(biology)\" title=\"Hybrid (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hybrid<\/a> of <i>C. ignobilis<\/i> and <i>C. melampygus<\/i> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluefin_trevally\" title=\"Bluefin trevally\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bluefin trevally<\/a>) has been recorded from Hawaii. The specimen was initially thought to be a bluefin trevally of world-record size, but was later rejected when it was discovered to be a hybrid. Initial evidence of hybridisation was morphological characteristics intermediate to the two species; later genetic tests confirmed it was indeed a hybrid. The two species are known to school together, including at spawning time, which was considered to be the reason for hybridisation.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-hybrid&#95;51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-hybrid-51\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>51<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Relationship_to_humans\">Relationship to humans<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Artisanal_and_commercial_fisheries\">Artisanal and commercial fisheries<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The giant trevally has been used by humans since <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prehistory\" title=\"Prehistory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">prehistoric times<\/a>, with the oldest known records of the capture of this species by Hawaiians, whose <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture\" title=\"Culture\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">culture<\/a> held the fish in high regard. The <i>ulua<\/i>, as the fish is known to Hawaiians, was likened to a fine man and strong <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warrior\" title=\"Warrior\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">warrior<\/a>, which was the cause of a ban on women eating the species in antiquity.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wyban&#95;52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wyban-52\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>52<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The species was often used in Hawaiian religious <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritual\" title=\"Ritual\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">rites<\/a>, and took the place of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_sacrifice\" title=\"Human sacrifice\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">human sacrifice<\/a> when none was available. Culturally, the fish was seen as a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/God\" title=\"God\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">god<\/a>, and treated as gamefish which commoners could not hunt. There are many mentions of <i>ulua<\/i> in Hawaiian <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proverb\" title=\"Proverb\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">proverbs<\/a>, all generally relating to the strength and warrior-like qualities of the fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Recfishing&#95;53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Recfishing-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The Hawaiians considered the fish to be of excellent quality, with white, firm flesh. Despite this, intrusions of giant trevally into modern-day fishponds used by Hawaiians for rearing fish are unwelcome; being a predator, it eats more than it is worth at market.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wyban&#95;52-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wyban-52\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>52<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The giant trevally is of high importance to modern fisheries throughout its range, although quantifying the amounts taken is very difficult due to the lack of fishery statistics kept in most of these countries. Hawaii has the best-kept statistics, where the 1998 catch consisted of 10,194 pounds of giant trevally worth around US$12,000.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Recfishing&#95;53-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Recfishing-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Historically, the species has been taken in far greater numbers, and has been an important food, market and game fish since the early 1900s. However, their exploitation has seen the landings of the species decrease by over 84% since the turn of the century, declining from 725,000&#160;lb to 10,000&#160;lb in recent catches.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-54\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-54\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>54<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> FAO statistics of the Asian region record catches between 4,000 and 10,000 tonnes between 1997 and 2007,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fisheries&#95;55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fisheries-55\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>55<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> although this excludes most fisheries which are not monitored or do not discriminate between trevally species. The giant trevally is commercially caught by a number of methods, including hook and line, handlines, gill nets and other types of artisanal traps. The species has also successfully been bred for aquaculture purposes in Taiwan.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Yu&#95;56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Yu-56\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>56<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is sold at market fresh, frozen, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salting_(food)\" title=\"Salting (food)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">salted<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoking_(food)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Smoking (food)\" target=\"_new\">smoked<\/a>, and as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishmeal\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Fishmeal\" target=\"_new\">fishmeal<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_oil\" title=\"Fish oil\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">oil<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FAO&#95;CP&#95;14-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FAO_CP-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The species' <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_(food)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Fish (food)\" target=\"_new\">edibility<\/a> has been rated from poor to excellent by different authors, although numerous cases of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciguatera\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ciguatera\" target=\"_new\">ciguatera<\/a> poisoning have been reported from the species.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Goe&#95;57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Goe-57\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>57<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Detailed tests on a large (1 m) specimen taken from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmyra_Island\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Palmyra Island\" target=\"_new\">Palmyra Island<\/a> showed the toxicity of the fish's flesh, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liver\" title=\"Liver\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">liver<\/a> and washed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intestinal_tract\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Intestinal tract\" target=\"_new\">intestinal tract<\/a> produced no or weakly positive symptoms to laboratory mice, but the digested contents of the intestine were lethal. The authors argued, based on this test, the flesh of giant trevally was safe to consume. However, analysis of case studies in which ciguatera poisoning was reported after eating the fish suggested an accumulative effect occurs with repeated consumption; and tests like the one outlined above are not reliable, as the toxin appears to be distributed haphazardly throughout each fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Goe&#95;57-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Goe-57\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>57<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Since 1990, giant trevally taken from the main Hawaiian islands have been blocked from sale by auction internationally due to concerns over liability from ciguatera poisoning.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Recfishing&#95;53-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Recfishing-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Recreational_fishing\">Recreational fishing<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Giant_trevally_lure.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Giant_trevally_lure.jpg\/250px-Giant_trevally_lure.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"181\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>A giant trevally taken by a soft plastic lure<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The giant trevally is considered one of the top <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamefish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gamefish\" target=\"_new\">gamefish<\/a> of the Indo-Pacific region, having outstanding strength, speed and endurance once hooked.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-knaggs&#95;9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-knaggs-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It can be taken by many methods, including baits of cut or live fish and squid, as well as a wide array of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishing_lure\" title=\"Fishing lure\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lures<\/a>. The species is commonly taken on bibbed plugs, minnows, spoons, jigs and poppers, stickbaits, soft plastic lures and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fly_fishing\" title=\"Fly fishing\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">saltwater flies<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-starlo&#95;58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-starlo-58\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>58<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In recent years, the development of both <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jigging\" title=\"Jigging\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">jigging<\/a> and surface-popping techniques has seen the giant trevally become an extremely popular candidate for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catch_and_release_fishing\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Catch and release fishing\" target=\"_new\">catch and release fishing<\/a>,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-knaggs&#95;9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-knaggs-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> with many charter operators based around this concept.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wyrsta&#95;45-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wyrsta-45\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The species is also popular with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spearfishing\" title=\"Spearfishing\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spearfishermen<\/a> throughout its range.<sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Some recreational fishing groups are also promoting a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catch_and_release\" title=\"Catch and release\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">catch and release<\/a> practice for the giant trevally, with this becoming an increasingly popular option for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charter_boat\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Charter boat\" target=\"_new\">charter boat<\/a> operators, who have also begun to tag giant trevally for scientific purposes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-59\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-59\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>59<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> At large sizes, the species is more likely to be ciguatoxic, so if the fish is kept, it must be disposed of or sent to a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxidermist\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Taxidermist\" target=\"_new\">taxidermist<\/a> if it is a trophy fish. A catch and release approach has also been adopted by operators outside Hawaii, with Australian operators who target the species by popping and jigging rarely keeping any fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-knaggs&#95;9-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-knaggs-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Careful fish handling techniques have also been implemented by anglers so as not to damage the fish; such techniques include supporting the fish's weight, using barbless single, rather than treble, hooks and restricting the time the fish spends out the water to a minimum.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Wyrsta&#95;45-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Wyrsta-45\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>45<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Conservation\">Conservation<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Scuba_diver_meets_giant_trevally_at_Guam%27s_Gab_Gab_II_reef.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Scuba_diver_meets_giant_trevally_at_Guam%27s_Gab_Gab_II_reef.jpg\/250px-Scuba_diver_meets_giant_trevally_at_Guam%27s_Gab_Gab_II_reef.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Scuba diver interacting with a giant trevally at Guam's Gab Gab II reef<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A decline in giant trevally numbers around inhabited regions has been well documented in Hawaii, with both catch data as presented above and ecological studies showing this decrease in numbers. A <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomass\" title=\"Biomass\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">biomass<\/a> study in the Hawaiian Islands indicates the main Hawaiian Islands are heavily depleted in the species, which in untouched ecosystems comprises 71% of the apex predator biomass. In contrast, it comprises less than 0.03% of the apex biomass in exploited habitats, with only a single fish observed during the course of this research study.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Friedlander02&#95;37-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Friedlander02-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Prior to this, a 1993 report suggested the population around the main Hawaiian islands were not stressed, though several biological indicators suggested to the contrary. This was due to the highly size-selective nature of the fishery, which theoretically should prevent a decrease in numbers.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-60\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-60\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>60<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Despite this, populations have decreased, and in light of their continued falling abundance in Hawaii, several recommendations, including banning the commercial take of the species, increasing minimum lengths and decreasing bag limits for anglers, as well as reassessment of protected areas for the species, have been proposed by officials.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Recfishing&#95;53-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Recfishing-53\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>53<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns reflist-columns-2\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-iucn-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_1-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSmith-Vaniz,&#95;W.F.Williams,&#95;I.2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Smith-Vaniz, W.F. &amp; Williams, I. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/20430651\/115377176\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/i>. <b>2016<\/b> e.T20430651A115377176. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20430651A47552431.en\" target=\"_new\">10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20430651A47552431.en<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Caranx+ignobilis&amp;rft.volume=2016&amp;rft.artnum=e.T20430651A115377176&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20430651A47552431.en&amp;rft.au=Smith-Vaniz%2C+W.F.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+I.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F20430651%2F115377176&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Nelson5-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Nelson5_2-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJ.&#95;S.&#95;NelsonT.&#95;C.&#95;GrandeM.&#95;V.&#95;H.&#95;Wilson2016\" class=\"citation book cs1\">J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190408194051\/https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/fotw5th\/\" target=\"_new\"><i>Fishes of the World<\/i><\/a> (5th&#160;ed.). Wiley. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">380\u2013<\/span>387. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-1-118-34233-6<\/bdi>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/fotw5th\/\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2019-04-08<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2019-11-25<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&amp;rft.pages=380-387&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-118-34233-6&amp;rft.au=J.+S.+Nelson&amp;rft.au=T.+C.+Grande&amp;rft.au=M.+V.+H.+Wilson&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Ffotw5th%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Zoocat-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Zoocat_3-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHoseseBray,&#95;D.J.Paxton,&#95;J.R.Alen,&#95;G.R.2007\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. (2007). <i>Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes<\/i>. Sydney: CSIRO. p.&#160;1150. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-643-09334-8<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Zoological+Catalogue+of+Australia+Vol.+35+%282%29+Fishes&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pages=1150&amp;rft.pub=CSIRO&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-643-09334-8&amp;rft.aulast=Hosese&amp;rft.aufirst=D.F.&amp;rft.au=Bray%2C+D.J.&amp;rft.au=Paxton%2C+J.R.&amp;rft.au=Alen%2C+G.R.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMyEtymology2008\" class=\"citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit\">MyEtymology (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110714142749\/http:\/\/www.myetymology.com\/latin\/ignobilis.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Etymology of the Latin word ignobilis\"<\/a>. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-09-17<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Etymology+of+the+Latin+word+ignobilis&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=MyEtymology&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myetymology.com%2Flatin%2Fignobilis.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-fishbase-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_5-6\"><sup><i><b>g<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFroesePauly\" class=\"citation web cs1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainer_Froese\" title=\"Rainer Froese\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Froese, Rainer<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Pauly\" title=\"Daniel Pauly\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pauly, Daniel<\/a> (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.org\/summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Caranx&speciesname=ignobilis\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a><\/i>. September 2009 version.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=FishBase&amp;rft.atitle=Caranx+ignobilis&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DCaranx%26speciesname%3Dignobilis&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Smith-Vaniz&#95;&amp;&#95;Carpenter&#95;(2007)-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith-Vaniz_&amp;_Carpenter_(2007)_6-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSmith-VanizK.E.&#95;Carpenter2007\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; K.E. Carpenter (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/fisherybulletin.nmfs.noaa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf-content\/2007\/1052\/smith.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Review of the crevalle jacks, <i>Caranx hippos<\/i> complex (Teleostei: Carangidae), with a description of a new species from West Africa\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Fishery Bulletin<\/i>. <b>105<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">207\u2013<\/span>233. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2007FishB.105..207S\" target=\"_new\">2007FishB.105..207S<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fishery+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Review+of+the+crevalle+jacks%2C+Caranx+hippos+complex+%28Teleostei%3A+Carangidae%29%2C+with+a+description+of+a+new+species+from+West+Africa&amp;rft.volume=105&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=207-233&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FishB.105..207S&amp;rft.aulast=Smith-Vaniz&amp;rft.aufirst=W.F.&amp;rft.au=K.E.+Carpenter&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Ffisherybulletin.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf-content%2F2007%2F1052%2Fsmith.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-CoF-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-CoF_7-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFrickeEschmeyervan&#95;der&#95;Laan\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fricke, Ron; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_N._Eschmeyer\" title=\"William N. Eschmeyer\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Eschmeyer, William N.<\/a> &amp; van der Laan, Richard (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/researcharchive.calacademy.org\/research\/ichthyology\/catalog\/fishcatget.asp?spid=34423\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalog_of_Fishes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Catalog of Fishes\" target=\"_new\">Catalog of Fishes<\/a><\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"California Academy of Sciences\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">California Academy of Sciences<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 May<\/span> 2024<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalog+of+Fishes&amp;rft.atitle=Caranx+ignobilis&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.calacademy.org%2Fresearch%2Fichthyology%2Fcatalog%2Ffishcatget.asp%3Fspid%3D34423&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJenkins1903\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Jenkins, O.P. (1903). \"Report on collections of fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of new species\". <i>Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission<\/i>. <b>22<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">415\u2013<\/span>511.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+U.S.+Fish+Commission&amp;rft.atitle=Report+on+collections+of+fishes+made+in+the+Hawaiian+Islands%2C+with+descriptions+of+new+species&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.pages=415-511&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.aulast=Jenkins&amp;rft.aufirst=O.P.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-knaggs-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-knaggs_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-knaggs_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-knaggs_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-knaggs_9-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-knaggs_9-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKnaggs2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Knaggs, B. 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Silverwater, NSW: Express Publications: <span class=\"nowrap\">72\u2013<\/span>80.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Saltwater+Fishing&amp;rft.atitle=12+Rounds+with+Trevally&amp;rft.issue=58&amp;rft.pages=72-80&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Knaggs&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Hawaii-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hawaii_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hawaii_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hawaii_10-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHonebrink2000\" class=\"citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol\">Honebrink, Randy R. (2000). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/hawaii.gov\/dlnr\/dar\/pubs\/ulua01.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"A review of the biology of the family Carangidae, with emphasis on species found in Hawaiian waters\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>DAR Technical Report<\/i>. <span class=\"nowrap\">20\u2013<\/span>01. Honolulu: Department of Land and Natural Resources: <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>43<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-05-11<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=DAR+Technical+Report&amp;rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+biology+of+the+family+Carangidae%2C+with+emphasis+on+species+found+in+Hawaiian+waters&amp;rft.volume=20-01&amp;rft.pages=1-43&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Honebrink&amp;rft.aufirst=Randy+R.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaii.gov%2Fdlnr%2Fdar%2Fpubs%2Fulua01.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Oman-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Oman_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Oman_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRandall1995\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Randall, John E. (1995). <i>Coastal Fishes of Oman<\/i>. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. p.&#160;183. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>0-8248-1808-3<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coastal+Fishes+of+Oman&amp;rft.place=Honolulu&amp;rft.pages=183&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-8248-1808-3&amp;rft.aulast=Randall&amp;rft.aufirst=John+E.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"\/wiki\/Template:Cite_book\" title=\"Template:Cite book\">cite book<\/a>}}<\/code>:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">link<\/a>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Lin1999-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lin1999_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lin1999_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Lin1999_12-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLinShao,&#95;Kwang-Tsao1999\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (1999). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120229173915\/http:\/\/cat.inist.fr\/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944\" target=\"_new\">\"A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records\"<\/a>. <i>Zoological Studies<\/i>. <b>38<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">33\u2013<\/span>68. 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Rome: FAO. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">2659\u2013<\/span>2757. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>92-5-104301-9<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Carangidae&amp;rft.btitle=The+living+marine+resources+of+the+Western+Central+Pacific+Vol+4.+Bony+fishes+part+2+%28Mugilidae+to+Carangidae%29&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.series=FAO+species+identification+guide+for+fishery+purposes&amp;rft.pages=2659-2757&amp;rft.pub=FAO&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=92-5-104301-9&amp;rft.aulast=Smith-Vaniz&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rft&#95;id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Ffao%2F009%2Fy4160e%2Fy4160e00.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFCollinShand,&#95;J.2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Collin, S.P.; Shand, J. 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Springer. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">139\u2013<\/span>160. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-387-95527-8<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=8&amp;rft.btitle=Retinal+sampling+and+the+visual+field+in+fishes&amp;rft.pages=139-160&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-387-95527-8&amp;rft.aulast=Collin&amp;rft.aufirst=S.P.&amp;rft.au=Shand%2C+J.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Talbot-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Talbot_16-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Talbot_16-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTalbotWilliams,&#95;F.1956\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Talbot, F. H.; Williams, F. (1956). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F178934a0\" target=\"_new\">\"Sexual colour differences in <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> (Forsk.)\"<\/a>. <i>Nature<\/i>. <b>178<\/b> (4539): <span class=\"nowrap\">934\u2013<\/span>5. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1956Natur.178..934T\" target=\"_new\">1956Natur.178..934T<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F178934a0\" target=\"_new\">10.1038\/178934a0<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/13369587\" target=\"_new\">13369587<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:4218631\" target=\"_new\">4218631<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Sexual+colour+differences+in+Caranx+ignobilis+%28Forsk.%29&amp;rft.volume=178&amp;rft.issue=4539&amp;rft.pages=934-5&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F178934a0&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4218631%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F13369587&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956Natur.178..934T&amp;rft.aulast=Talbot&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+H.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+F.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F178934a0&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Nichols&#95;GT-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Nichols_GT_17-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFNichols1936\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Nichols, J.T. (1936). \"On <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> (Forsk\u00e5l)\". <i>Copeia<\/i>. <b>1936<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">119\u2013<\/span>120. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F1436667\" target=\"_new\">10.2307\/1436667<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">JSTOR<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1436667\" target=\"_new\">1436667<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Copeia&amp;rft.atitle=On+Caranx+ignobilis+%28Forsk%C3%A5l%29&amp;rft.volume=1936&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=119-120&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1436667&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1436667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Nichols&amp;rft.aufirst=J.T.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-SAfrica-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-SAfrica_18-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SAfrica_18-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SAfrica_18-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-SAfrica_18-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFvan&#95;der&#95;ElstPeter&#95;Borchert1994\" class=\"citation book cs1\">van der Elst, Rudy; Peter Borchert (1994). <i>A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa<\/i>. New Holland Publishers. p.&#160;142. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>1-86825-394-5<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Common+Sea+Fishes+of+Southern+Africa&amp;rft.pages=142&amp;rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=1-86825-394-5&amp;rft.aulast=van+der+Elst&amp;rft.aufirst=Rudy&amp;rft.au=Peter+Borchert&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Hutchins-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hutchins_19-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hutchins_19-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFHutchinsSwainston,&#95;R.1986\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Hutchins, B.; Swainston, R. (1986). <i>Sea Fishes of Southern Australia: Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers<\/i>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-09-14<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fishery+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Life+History+and+Ecology+of+Large+Jacks+in+Undisturbed%2C+Shallow%2C+Oceanic+Communities&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=493-513&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.aulast=Sudekum&amp;rft.aufirst=A.E.&amp;rft.au=Parrish%2C+J.D.&amp;rft.au=Radtke%2C+R.L.&amp;rft.au=Ralston%2C+S.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Ffishbull.noaa.gov%2F893%2Fsudekum.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Smith&#95;Parrish-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Parrish_22-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Parrish_22-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Parrish_22-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Parrish_22-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Parrish_22-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_Parrish_22-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSmithParrish,&#95;J.D.2002\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Smith, G.C.; Parrish, J.D. (2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/1229570\" target=\"_new\">\"Estuaries as Nurseries for the Jacks <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> and <i>Caranx melampygus<\/i> (Carangidae) in Hawaii\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estuarine,_Coastal_and_Shelf_Science\" title=\"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science<\/a><\/i>. <b>55<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">347\u2013<\/span>359. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2002ECSS...55..347S\" target=\"_new\">2002ECSS...55..347S<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006%2Fecss.2001.0909\" target=\"_new\">10.1006\/ecss.2001.0909<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Estuarine%2C+Coastal+and+Shelf+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Estuaries+as+Nurseries+for+the+Jacks+Caranx+ignobilis+and+Caranx+melampygus+%28Carangidae%29+in+Hawaii&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=347-359&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fecss.2001.0909&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ECSS...55..347S&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=G.C.&amp;rft.au=Parrish%2C+J.D.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1229570&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Wetherbee04-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wetherbee04_23-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wetherbee04_23-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wetherbee04_23-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWetherbeeHolland,&#95;K.N.Meyer,&#95;C.G.Lowe,&#95;C.G.2004\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Wetherbee, B.M.; Holland, K.N.; Meyer, C.G.; Lowe, C.G. (2004). \"Use of a marine reserve in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii by the giant trevally, <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>\". <i>Fisheries Research<\/i>. <b>67<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">253\u2013<\/span>263. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2004FishR..67..253W\" target=\"_new\">2004FishR..67..253W<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2003.11.004\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.fishres.2003.11.004<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+a+marine+reserve+in+Kaneohe+Bay%2C+Hawaii+by+the+giant+trevally%2C+Caranx+ignobilis&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=253-263&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2003.11.004&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004FishR..67..253W&amp;rft.aulast=Wetherbee&amp;rft.aufirst=B.M.&amp;rft.au=Holland%2C+K.N.&amp;rft.au=Meyer%2C+C.G.&amp;rft.au=Lowe%2C+C.G.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Leis&#95;2006-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Leis_2006_24-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Leis_2006_24-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Leis_2006_24-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Leis_2006_24-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLeisA.C.&#95;HayD.L.&#95;ClarkI.-S.Chen2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Leis, J.M.; A.C. Hay; D.L. Clark; I.-S.Chen; K.-T. Shao (2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/fishbull.noaa.gov\/1043\/leis.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Behavioral ontogeny in larvae and early juveniles of the giant trevally (<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>) (Pisces: Carangidae)\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Fishery Bulletin<\/i>. <b>104<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">401\u2013<\/span>414<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-09-14<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fishery+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Behavioral+ontogeny+in+larvae+and+early+juveniles+of+the+giant+trevally+%28Caranx+ignobilis%29+%28Pisces%3A+Carangidae%29&amp;rft.volume=104&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=401-414&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Leis&amp;rft.aufirst=J.M.&amp;rft.au=A.C.+Hay&amp;rft.au=D.L.+Clark&amp;rft.au=I.-S.Chen&amp;rft.au=K.-T.+Shao&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Ffishbull.noaa.gov%2F1043%2Fleis.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Meyer07-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Meyer07_25-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Meyer07_25-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Meyer07_25-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Meyer07_25-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Meyer07_25-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Meyer07_25-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMeyerHolland,&#95;K.N.Papastamatiou,&#95;Y.P.2007\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Meyer, C.G.; Holland, K.N.; Papastamatiou, Y.P. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps333013\" target=\"_new\">\"Seasonal and diel movements of giant trevally <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> at remote Hawaiian atolls: implications for the design of Marine Protected Areas\"<\/a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/i>. <b>333<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">13\u2013<\/span>25. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2007MEPS..333...13M\" target=\"_new\">2007MEPS..333...13M<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps333013\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/meps333013<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Seasonal+and+diel+movements+of+giant+trevally+Caranx+ignobilis+at+remote+Hawaiian+atolls%3A+implications+for+the+design+of+Marine+Protected+Areas&amp;rft.volume=333&amp;rft.pages=13-25&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps333013&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007MEPS..333...13M&amp;rft.aulast=Meyer&amp;rft.aufirst=C.G.&amp;rft.au=Holland%2C+K.N.&amp;rft.au=Papastamatiou%2C+Y.P.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps333013&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Hawaiijack-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hawaiijack_26-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hawaiijack_26-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Hawaiijack_26-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMeyerKim&#95;N.&#95;HollandBradley&#95;M.&#95;WetherbeeChristopher&#95;G.&#95;Lowe2001\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Meyer, Carl G.; Kim N. Holland; Bradley M. Wetherbee; Christopher G. Lowe (2001). \"Diet, resource partitioning and gear vulnerability of Hawaiian jacks captured in fishing tournaments\". <i>Fisheries Research<\/i>. <b>53<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">105\u2013<\/span>113. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2001FishR..53..105M\" target=\"_new\">2001FishR..53..105M<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0165-7836%2800%2900285-X\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0165-7836(00)00285-X<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Diet%2C+resource+partitioning+and+gear+vulnerability+of+Hawaiian+jacks+captured+in+fishing+tournaments&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=105-113&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0165-7836%2800%2900285-X&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001FishR..53..105M&amp;rft.aulast=Meyer&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+G.&amp;rft.au=Kim+N.+Holland&amp;rft.au=Bradley+M.+Wetherbee&amp;rft.au=Christopher+G.+Lowe&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLinSu,&#95;W.-C.1994\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Lin, J.-C.; Su, W.-C. (1994). \"Early phase of fish habitation around a new artificial reef off southwestern Taiwan\". <i>Bulletin of Marine Science<\/i>. <b>55<\/b> (<span class=\"nowrap\">2\u2013<\/span>3): <span class=\"nowrap\">1112\u2013<\/span>1121.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Early+phase+of+fish+habitation+around+a+new+artificial+reef+off+southwestern+Taiwan&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&amp;rft.pages=1112-1121&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Lin&amp;rft.aufirst=J.-C.&amp;rft.au=Su%2C+W.-C.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-blaberbook-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-blaberbook_28-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-blaberbook_28-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBlaber1997\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Blaber, S.J.M. 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(2006). \"A new and unexpected host for the sharksucker (<i>Echeneis naucrates<\/i>) with a brief review of the echeneid\u2013host interactions\". <i>Marine Biodiversity Records<\/i>. <b>1<\/b> (e41): <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>3. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS1755267206004349\" target=\"_new\">10.1017\/S1755267206004349<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:55868607\" target=\"_new\">55868607<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Biodiversity+Records&amp;rft.atitle=A+new+and+unexpected+host+for+the+sharksucker+%28Echeneis+naucrates%29+with+a+brief+review+of+the+echeneid%E2%80%93host+interactions&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=e41&amp;rft.pages=1-3&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1755267206004349&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55868607%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Brunnschweiler&amp;rft.aufirst=J.M.&amp;rft.au=Sazima%2C+I.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-williams&#95;1965-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_1965_41-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_1965_41-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_1965_41-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_1965_41-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-williams_1965_41-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWilliams1965\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Williams, F. (1965). \"Further notes on the biology of the East African pelagic fishes of the Families Carangidae and Sphyraenidae\". <i>Journal of East African Agriculture and Forestry<\/i>. <b>31<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">141\u2013<\/span>168. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1965EAAFJ..31..141W\" target=\"_new\">1965EAAFJ..31..141W<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F00128325.1965.11662035\" target=\"_new\">10.1080\/00128325.1965.11662035<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hdl (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">hdl<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1834%2F7267\" target=\"_new\">1834\/7267<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+African+Agriculture+and+Forestry&amp;rft.atitle=Further+notes+on+the+biology+of+the+East+African+pelagic+fishes+of+the+Families+Carangidae+and+Sphyraenidae&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=141-168&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Ahdl%2F1834%2F7267&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00128325.1965.11662035&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965EAAFJ..31..141W&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-HK-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-HK_42-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-HK_42-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSadovyAndrew&#95;S.&#95;Cornish2001\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Sadovy, Yvonne; Andrew S. Cornish (2001). <i>Reef Fishes of Hong Kong<\/i>. Hong Kong University Press. p.&#160;321. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-962-209-480-2<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Reef+Fishes+of+Hong+Kong&amp;rft.pages=321&amp;rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-962-209-480-2&amp;rft.aulast=Sadovy&amp;rft.aufirst=Yvonne&amp;rft.au=Andrew+S.+Cornish&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-43\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPotts1981\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Potts, G.W. (1981). \"Behavioural interactions between the Carangidae (Pisces) and their prey on the fore-reef slope of Aldabra, with notes on other predators\". <i>Journal of Zoology<\/i>. <b>195<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">385\u2013<\/span>404. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1981.tb03472.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03472.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Behavioural+interactions+between+the+Carangidae+%28Pisces%29+and+their+prey+on+the+fore-reef+slope+of+Aldabra%2C+with+notes+on+other+predators&amp;rft.volume=195&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=385-404&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1981.tb03472.x&amp;rft.aulast=Potts&amp;rft.aufirst=G.W.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBakerSheaves,&#95;M.2005\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Baker, R.; Sheaves, M. (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps291197\" target=\"_new\">\"Redefining the piscivore assemblage of shallow estuarine nursery habitats\"<\/a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/i>. <b>291<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">197\u2013<\/span>213. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2005MEPS..291..197B\" target=\"_new\">2005MEPS..291..197B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fmeps291197\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/meps291197<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Redefining+the+piscivore+assemblage+of+shallow+estuarine+nursery+habitats&amp;rft.volume=291&amp;rft.pages=197-213&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps291197&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MEPS..291..197B&amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Sheaves%2C+M.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps291197&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Wyrsta-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wyrsta_45-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wyrsta_45-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wyrsta_45-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wyrsta_45-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWyrsta2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Wyrsta, L. (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121022172952\/http:\/\/www.giant-trevally.com\/\" target=\"_new\">\"giant-trevally.com\"<\/a>. <i>Species Information<\/i>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.giant-trevally.com\/\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2012-10-22<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-09-23<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Species+Information&amp;rft.atitle=giant-trevally.com&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Wyrsta&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giant-trevally.com%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Blue&#95;Planet&#95;II-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Blue_Planet_II_46-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAttenborough2017\" class=\"citation episode cs1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Attenborough\" title=\"David Attenborough\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Attenborough, David<\/a> (29 October 2017). \"<span class=\"cs1-kern-left\"><\/span>\"One Ocean\"<span class=\"cs1-kern-right\"><\/span>\". <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Planet_II\" title=\"Blue Planet II\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><i>Blue Planet II<\/i><\/a>. Episode 1. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_One\" title=\"BBC One\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BBC One<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Blue+Planet+II&amp;rft.series=Episode+1&amp;rft.date=2017-10-29&amp;rft.aulast=Attenborough&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMajor1978\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Major, P.F. (1978). \"Predator-prey interactions in two schooling fishes, <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> and <i>Stolephorus purpureous<\/i>\". <i>Animal Behaviour<\/i>. <b>26<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">760\u2013<\/span>777. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0003-3472%2878%2990142-2\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/0003-3472(78)90142-2<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:53164532\" target=\"_new\">53164532<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=Predator-prey+interactions+in+two+schooling+fishes%2C+Caranx+ignobilis+and+Stolephorus+purpureous&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=760-777&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0003-3472%2878%2990142-2&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53164532%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Major&amp;rft.aufirst=P.F.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFParrishMarshall,&#95;G.J.Buhleier,&#95;B.Antonelis,&#95;G.A.2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Parrish, F.A.; Marshall, G.J.; Buhleier, B.; Antonelis, G.A. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fesr00090\" target=\"_new\">\"Foraging interaction between monk seals and large predatory fish in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands\"<\/a>. <i>Endangered Species Research<\/i>. <b>4<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">299\u2013<\/span>308. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fesr00090\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/esr00090<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Endangered+Species+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Foraging+interaction+between+monk+seals+and+large+predatory+fish+in+the+Northwestern+Hawaiian+Islands&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=299-308&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fesr00090&amp;rft.aulast=Parrish&amp;rft.aufirst=F.A.&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+G.J.&amp;rft.au=Buhleier%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Antonelis%2C+G.A.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fesr00090&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGooding1985\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Gooding, R.M. (1985). \"Predation on Released Spiny Lobster, <i>Panulirus marginatus<\/i>, During Tests in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands\". <i>Marine Fishery Reviews<\/i>. <b>47<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">27\u2013<\/span>35.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Fishery+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Predation+on+Released+Spiny+Lobster%2C+Panulirus+marginatus%2C+During+Tests+in+the+Northwestern+Hawaiian+Islands&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27-35&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.aulast=Gooding&amp;rft.aufirst=R.M.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-von-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-von_50-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-von_50-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-von_50-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFvon&#95;Westernhagen1974\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">von Westernhagen, H. (1974). \"Observations on the natural spawning of <i>Alectis indicus<\/i> (Ruppell) and <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> (Forsk.) (Carangidae)\". <i>Journal of Fish Biology<\/i>. <b>6<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\">513\u2013<\/span>516. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1974JFBio...6..513W\" target=\"_new\">1974JFBio...6..513W<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1974.tb04567.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1974.tb04567.x<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+natural+spawning+of+Alectis+indicus+%28Ruppell%29+and+Caranx+ignobilis+%28Forsk.%29+%28Carangidae%29&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=513-516&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1974.tb04567.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JFBio...6..513W&amp;rft.aulast=von+Westernhagen&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-hybrid-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-hybrid_51-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMurakamiS.A.&#95;JamesJ.E.&#95;RandallA.Y.&#95;Suzumoto2007\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Murakami, K.; S.A. James; J.E. Randall; A.Y. Suzumoto (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120223224540\/http:\/\/zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw\/Journals\/46.2\/186.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Two Hybrids of Carangid fishes of the Genus <i>Caranx, C. ignobilis x C. melampygus<\/i> and <i>C. melampygus x C. sexfasciatus<\/i>, from the Hawaiian Islands\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Zoological Studies<\/i>. <b>46<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">186\u2013<\/span>193. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw\/Journals\/46.2\/186.pdf\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span> on 2012-02-23<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2007-05-14<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoological+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Hybrids+of+Carangid+fishes+of+the+Genus+Caranx%2C+C.+ignobilis+x+C.+melampygus+and+C.+melampygus+x+C.+sexfasciatus%2C+from+the+Hawaiian+Islands&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=186-193&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Murakami&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.au=S.A.+James&amp;rft.au=J.E.+Randall&amp;rft.au=A.Y.+Suzumoto&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fzoolstud.sinica.edu.tw%2FJournals%2F46.2%2F186.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Wyban-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wyban_52-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Wyban_52-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWyban1992\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Wyban, C. A. (1992). \"Chapter 3. The Ecosystem\". <i>Tide and Current: fishponds of Hawai'i<\/i>. 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(2000). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/hawaii.gov\/dlnr\/dar\/pubs\/ulua02.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Evaluation of the status of the recreational fishery for ulua in Hawai'i, and recommendations for future management\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. <i>Division of Aquatic Resources Technical Report<\/i>. <span class=\"nowrap\">20\u2013<\/span>02. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Hawaii: <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>42<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-09-14<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Division+of+Aquatic+Resources+Technical+Report&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+status+of+the+recreational+fishery+for+ulua+in+Hawai%27i%2C+and+recommendations+for+future+management&amp;rft.volume=20-02&amp;rft.pages=1-42&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Rick+Gaffney&amp;rft.au=Associates%2C+Inc.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaii.gov%2Fdlnr%2Fdar%2Fpubs%2Fulua02.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-54\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFShomura1987\" class=\"citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol\">Shomura, R. S. (1987). <i>Hawai'i's Marine Fishery Resources: yesterday (1900) and today (1986)<\/i>. Vol.&#160;H-87-21. Honolulu: SWFSC Administrative Report.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hawai%27i%27s+Marine+Fishery+Resources%3A+yesterday+%281900%29+and+today+%281986%29&amp;rft.place=Honolulu&amp;rft.pub=SWFSC+Administrative+Report&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.aulast=Shomura&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+S.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-fisheries-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fisheries_55-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFisheries&#95;and&#95;Agricultural&#95;Organisation\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fisheries and Agricultural Organisation. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120515030053\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/figis\/servlet\/TabSelector\" target=\"_new\">\"Global Production Statistics 1950-2007\"<\/a>. <i>Giant Trevally<\/i>. FAO. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/figis\/servlet\/TabSelector\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2012-05-15<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-05-19<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Giant+Trevally&amp;rft.atitle=Global+Production+Statistics+1950-2007&amp;rft.au=Fisheries+and+Agricultural+Organisation&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffigis%2Fservlet%2FTabSelector&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Yu-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Yu_56-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFYu2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Yu, N.-H. (2002). <i>New Challenges: breeding species in Taiwan, VIII<\/i>. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Fish Breeding Association of the Republic of China. p.&#160;52.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=New+Challenges%3A+breeding+species+in+Taiwan%2C+VIII&amp;rft.place=Kaohsiung%2C+Taiwan&amp;rft.pages=52&amp;rft.pub=Fish+Breeding+Association+of+the+Republic+of+China&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Yu&amp;rft.aufirst=N.-H.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Goe-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Goe_57-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Goe_57-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGoeHalstead,&#95;B.&#95;W.1955\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Goe, D. R.; Halstead, B. W. (1955). \"A Case of Fish Poisoning from <i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i> Forsk\u00e5l from Palmyra Island, with Comments on the Sensitivity of the Mouse-Injection Technique for the Screening of Toxic Fishes\". <i>Copeia<\/i>. <b>1955<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">238\u2013<\/span>240. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307%2F1440472\" target=\"_new\">10.2307\/1440472<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JSTOR_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">JSTOR<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1440472\" target=\"_new\">1440472<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Copeia&amp;rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Fish+Poisoning+from+Caranx+ignobilis+Forsk%C3%A5l+from+Palmyra+Island%2C+with+Comments+on+the+Sensitivity+of+the+Mouse-Injection+Technique+for+the+Screening+of+Toxic+Fishes&amp;rft.volume=1955&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=238-240&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1440472&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1440472%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Goe&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+R.&amp;rft.au=Halstead%2C+B.+W.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-starlo-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-starlo_58-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFStarling1988\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Starling, S. (1988). <i>The Australian Fishing Book<\/i>. Hong Kong: Bacragas Pty. Ltd. p.&#160;488. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>0-7301-0141-X<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Australian+Fishing+Book&amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;rft.pages=488&amp;rft.pub=Bacragas+Pty.+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.isbn=0-7301-0141-X&amp;rft.aulast=Starling&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-59\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDepartment&#95;of&#95;Land&#95;and&#95;Natural&#95;Resources2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Department of Land and Natural Resources (2007). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wpcouncil.org\/coralreef\/InterimFinalPanelReport\/CRFSAW%20Interim%20CD\/Day%201%20Presentations\/UluaTagging-ATagawa-CTam.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Ulua tagging project\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. State of Hawaii. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>20<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2009-09-25<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ulua+tagging+project&amp;rft.pages=1-20&amp;rft.pub=State+of+Hawaii&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Department+of+Land+and+Natural+Resources&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpcouncil.org%2Fcoralreef%2FInterimFinalPanelReport%2FCRFSAW%2520Interim%2520CD%2FDay%25201%2520Presentations%2FUluaTagging-ATagawa-CTam.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-60\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKobayashi1993\" class=\"citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol\">Kobayashi, D. R. (1993). \"Natural mortality rate and fishery characterisation for white ulua (<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>) in the Hawaiian Islands\". <i>Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report<\/i>. H-93-02. NOAA: <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>22.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Southwest+Fisheries+Science+Center+Administrative+Report&amp;rft.atitle=Natural+mortality+rate+and+fishery+characterisation+for+white+ulua+%28Caranx+ignobilis%29+in+the+Hawaiian+Islands&amp;rft.volume=H-93-02&amp;rft.pages=1-22&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Kobayashi&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+R.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/australianmuseum.net.au\/Giant-Trevally-Caranx-ignobilis-Forsskal-1775\" target=\"_new\">\"Giant trevally (<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>)\"<\/a>. <i>australianmuseum.net.au<\/i>. Australian Museum Online.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=australianmuseum.net.au&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+trevally+%28Caranx+ignobilis%29&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2FGiant-Trevally-Caranx-ignobilis-Forsskal-1775&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121022172952\/http:\/\/www.giant-trevally.com\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Giant trevally (<i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i>)\"<\/a>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.giant-trevally.com\/\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2012-10-22.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Giant+trevally+%28Caranx+ignobilis%29&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giant-trevally.com%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+trevally\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Photos of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sealifecollection.org\/taxon\/218414\" target=\"_new\">Giant trevally<\/a> in the Sealife Collection<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portalbox portalborder portalright\">\n<li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Antennarius_striatus.jpg\/40px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"20\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Fish\" title=\"Portal:Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish portal<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a0\/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\/40px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"25\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Marine_biology\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Portal:Marine biology\" target=\"_new\">marine biology portal<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a0\/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\/40px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"25\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Marine_life\" title=\"Portal:Marine life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">marine life portal<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers3029\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers3029\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Caranx ignobilis<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1994256\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q1994256\" target=\"_new\">Q1994256<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Caranx_ignobilis\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Caranx ignobilis\" target=\"_new\">Caranx ignobilis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Caranx_ignobilis\/\" target=\"_new\">Caranx_ignobilis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Caranx_ignobilis\" target=\"_new\">Caranx_ignobilis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=11573\" target=\"_new\">11573<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/R2QF\" target=\"_new\">R2QF<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.ca\/summary\/1895\" target=\"_new\">1895<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2390805\" target=\"_new\">2390805<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/153280\" target=\"_new\">153280<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10151667\" target=\"_new\">10151667<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168618\" target=\"_new\">168618<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/20430651\/0\" target=\"_new\">20430651<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/376895\/\" target=\"_new\">376895<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/598179\/\" target=\"_new\">598179<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/218414\" target=\"_new\">218414<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=423847\" target=\"_new\">423847<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0030144\" target=\"_new\">t0030144<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=218414\" target=\"_new\">218414<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.codfw.main\u201054ffd8c7c5\u20107bwvt\nCached time: 20260611232923\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Cite_IUCN (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, 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Rendering was triggered because: page_view\n -->\n<\/div><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_trevally\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_trevally<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left\" 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id=\"rdp-we-p-dock-bottom\">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><!-- #rdp-we-main -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Genus<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Caranx<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Species<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ignobilis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1192,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[28],"product_tag":[169,170,168,171],"class_list":{"0":"post-172","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-fish","7":"product_tag-barrier-trevally","8":"product_tag-giant-kingfish","9":"product_tag-lowly-trevally","10":"product_tag-ulua","12":"first","13":"instock","14":"shipping-taxable","15":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Giant trevally - Moalboal Reef Species<\/title>\n<meta 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