{"id":150,"date":"2019-10-21T04:06:48","date_gmt":"2019-10-21T04:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=150"},"modified":"2020-06-03T10:55:30","modified_gmt":"2020-06-03T10:55:30","slug":"eagle-ray","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/eagle-ray\/","title":{"rendered":"Eagle ray"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Distribution_and_habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Distribution and habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Ecology\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Ecology<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Ecology-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Ecology subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Ecology-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Feeding_and_diet\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Feeding_and_diet\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Feeding and diet<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Feeding_and_diet-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction_and_development\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Reproduction_and_development\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Reproduction and development<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Female_development\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Female_development\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.2.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Female development<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Female_development-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Male_development\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Male_development\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.2.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Male development<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Male_development-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Hermaphrotism\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Hermaphrotism\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.2.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Hermaphrotism<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Hermaphrotism-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Parasites\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Parasites\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Parasites<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Parasites-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relationship_with_humans\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Relationship_with_humans\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Relationship with humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Fishing\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Fishing\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Fishing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Fishing-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Tourism\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Tourism\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Tourism<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Tourism-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Bioaccumulation\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Bioaccumulation\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Bioaccumulation<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Bioaccumulation-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Status\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Status\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Status<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Status-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">28 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arendrog\" title=\"Arendrog \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Arendrog\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u2013 Egyptian Arabic\" lang=\"arz\" hreflang=\"arz\" data-title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649\" data-language-local-name=\"Egyptian Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82\" title=\"\u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u2013 Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" data-title=\"\u041e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\" data-language-local-name=\"Bulgarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/br.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garvleiz_boutin\" title=\"Garvleiz boutin \u2013 Breton\" lang=\"br\" hreflang=\"br\" data-title=\"Garvleiz boutin\" data-language-autonym=\"Brezhoneg\" data-language-local-name=\"Breton\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Brezhoneg<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milana_(rajada)\" title=\"Milana (rajada) \u2013 Catalan\" lang=\"ca\" hreflang=\"ca\" data-title=\"Milana (rajada)\" data-language-autonym=\"Catal\u00e0\" data-language-local-name=\"Catalan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Catal\u00e0<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" title=\"Myliobatis aquila \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Myliobatis aquila\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siba_deskozub%C3%A1\" title=\"Siba deskozub\u00e1 \u2013 Czech\" lang=\"cs\" hreflang=\"cs\" data-title=\"Siba deskozub\u00e1\" data-language-autonym=\"\u010ce\u0161tina\" data-language-local-name=\"Czech\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u010ce\u0161tina<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gew%C3%B6hnlicher_Adlerrochen\" title=\"Gew\u00f6hnlicher Adlerrochen \u2013 German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" data-title=\"Gew\u00f6hnlicher Adlerrochen\" data-language-autonym=\"Deutsch\" data-language-local-name=\"German\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Deutsch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CF%88%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9)\" title=\"\u0391\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (\u03c8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9) \u2013 Greek\" lang=\"el\" hreflang=\"el\" data-title=\"\u0391\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (\u03c8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9)\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" data-language-local-name=\"Greek\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" title=\"Myliobatis aquila \u2013 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Myliobatis aquila\" data-language-autonym=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tramana\" title=\"Tramana \u2013 Basque\" lang=\"eu\" hreflang=\"eu\" data-title=\"Tramana\" data-language-autonym=\"Euskara\" data-language-local-name=\"Basque\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Euskara<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kotkarausku\" title=\"Kotkarausku \u2013 Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" data-title=\"Kotkarausku\" data-language-autonym=\"Suomi\" data-language-local-name=\"Finnish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Suomi<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" title=\"Myliobatis aquila \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Myliobatis aquila\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ha.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray\" title=\"Common eagle ray \u2013 Hausa\" lang=\"ha\" hreflang=\"ha\" data-title=\"Common eagle ray\" data-language-autonym=\"Hausa\" data-language-local-name=\"Hausa\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Hausa<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%98%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99\" title=\"\u05d8\u05d7\u05df \u05e2\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9 \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05d8\u05d7\u05df \u05e2\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golub_kosir\" title=\"Golub kosir \u2013 Croatian\" lang=\"hr\" hreflang=\"hr\" data-title=\"Golub kosir\" data-language-autonym=\"Hrvatski\" data-language-local-name=\"Croatian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Hrvatski<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sasr%C3%A1ja\" title=\"Sasr\u00e1ja \u2013 Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" data-title=\"Sasr\u00e1ja\" data-language-autonym=\"Magyar\" data-language-local-name=\"Hungarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Magyar<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" title=\"Myliobatis aquila \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Myliobatis aquila\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7\" title=\"\u30c8\u30d3\u30a8\u30a4\u30c0\u30de\u30b7 \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30c8\u30d3\u30a8\u30a4\u30c0\u30de\u30b7\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adelaarsrog\" title=\"Adelaarsrog \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Adelaarsrog\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orle%C5%84_pospolity\" title=\"Orle\u0144 pospolity \u2013 Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Orle\u0144 pospolity\" data-language-autonym=\"Polski\" data-language-local-name=\"Polish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Polski<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rat%C3%A3o-%C3%A1guia\" title=\"Rat\u00e3o-\u00e1guia \u2013 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Rat\u00e3o-\u00e1guia\" data-language-autonym=\"Portugu\u00eas\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item\" title=\"recommended article\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA\" title=\"\u041e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442-\u043e\u0440\u043b\u044f\u043a \u2013 Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" data-title=\"\u041e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442-\u043e\u0440\u043b\u044f\u043a\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\" data-language-local-name=\"Russian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golub_kosir\" title=\"Golub kosir \u2013 Serbo-Croatian\" lang=\"sh\" hreflang=\"sh\" data-title=\"Golub kosir\" data-language-autonym=\"Srpskohrvatski \/ \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\" data-language-local-name=\"Serbo-Croatian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Srpskohrvatski \/ \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%96rnrocka\" title=\"\u00d6rnrocka \u2013 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" data-title=\"\u00d6rnrocka\" data-language-autonym=\"Svenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Swedish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Svenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fulya_(bal%C4%B1k)\" title=\"Fulya (bal\u0131k) \u2013 Turkish\" lang=\"tr\" hreflang=\"tr\" data-title=\"Fulya (bal\u0131k)\" data-language-autonym=\"T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\" data-language-local-name=\"Turkish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82)\" title=\"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u044f\u043a \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442) \u2013 Ukrainian\" lang=\"uk\" hreflang=\"uk\" data-title=\"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u044f\u043a \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442)\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\" data-language-local-name=\"Ukrainian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" title=\"Myliobatis aquila \u2013 Waray\" lang=\"war\" hreflang=\"war\" data-title=\"Myliobatis aquila\" data-language-autonym=\"Winaray\" data-language-local-name=\"Waray\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Winaray<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\">Edit links<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-left-navigation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Namespaces\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-associated-pages\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray\" title=\"View the content page [c]\" accesskey=\"c\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Article<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Common_eagle_ray\" rel=\"discussion\" title=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\" accesskey=\"t\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Talk<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\" aria-label=\"Change language variant\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-variants-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">English<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-variants\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-right-navigation\" class=\"vector-collapsible\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Views\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-views\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-view\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Read<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-edit\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-ca-history\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Common_eagle_ray&action=history\" title=\"Past revisions of this page [h]\" accesskey=\"h\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>View history<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools\" class=\"vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"page-tools-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-page-tools\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Tools<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-cactions\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tActions\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-more-view\" class=\"selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-eye mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-eye\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Read<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-more-edit\" class=\"vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\">\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-ca-more-history\" class=\"vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Common_eagle_ray&action=history\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history\"><\/span>\n\n<span>View history<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-tb\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tGeneral\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-t-whatlinkshere\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>What links here<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-recentchangeslinked\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Related changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard\" title=\"Upload files [u]\" accesskey=\"u\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-permalink\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Common_eagle_ray&oldid=1313795203\" title=\"Permanent link to this revision of this page\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Permanent link<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-info\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Common_eagle_ray&action=info\" title=\"More information about this page\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Page information<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-cite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Cite this page<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-urlshortener\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Get shortened URL<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-coll-print_export\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tPrint\/export\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-coll-download-as-rl\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Download as PDF<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-print\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Common_eagle_ray&printable=yes\" title=\"Printable version of this page [p]\" accesskey=\"p\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Printable version<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-wikibase-otherprojects\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tIn other projects\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Myliobatis_aquila\" hreflang=\"en\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" hreflang=\"en\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Wikispecies<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-t-wikibase\" class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item\"><span>Wikidata item<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-end no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp25eastereggs-vector-sitenotice-landmark\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-tools-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance\" class=\"vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"appearance-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-appearance\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Appearance<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of fish<\/div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<p>The <b>common eagle ray<\/b> or <b>bullray<\/b> (<i><b>Myliobatis aquila<\/b><\/i>) is a species of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fish<\/a> in the family <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eagle_ray\" title=\"Eagle ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Myliobatidae<\/a>. It inhabits the eastern <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean\" title=\"Atlantic Ocean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Atlantic Ocean<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Sea\" title=\"North Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">North Sea<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa\" title=\"South Africa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">South Africa<\/a>), the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea\" title=\"Mediterranean Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mediterranean Sea<\/a> and the south-western <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Ocean\" title=\"Indian Ocean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indian Ocean<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;status&#95;20&#95;November&#95;2021&#95;1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The common eagle ray reaches up to 183&#160;cm (6.0&#160;ft) in total length<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FishBase&#95;3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FishBase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> with a disc width up to 80&#160;cm (2.6&#160;ft),<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Muus&#95;4-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Muus-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> though most specimens are smaller.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Females grow to be larger than males.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:5&#95;6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The dorsal surface is brown or black while the ventral surface is white. It has a rhomboidal disc with a pair of large, triangular pectoral fins projecting on either side, and a single dorsal fin.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FishBase&#95;3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FishBase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The blunt snout is rounded and the tail is long and slender, with a large spine at its base but no tail fin.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FishBase&#95;3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FishBase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> On average, males have 72 spine serrations and females have 66 spine serrations. The spine makes about 70% of the male's length and 65% of the female's length.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The mid dorsal groove, which contains the glandular tissue necessary for venom injection, extends along 10\u201340% the tail.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:3&#95;7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It has one or two excretory channels for the venom.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution_and_habitat\">Distribution and habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>This species occurs in the eastern <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean\" title=\"Atlantic Ocean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Atlantic Ocean<\/a>, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Sea\" title=\"North Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">North Sea<\/a>, from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Isles\" title=\"British Isles\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">British Isles<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa\" title=\"South Africa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">South Africa<\/a>, extending to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Ocean\" title=\"Indian Ocean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indian Ocean<\/a>. It is also found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea\" title=\"Mediterranean Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mediterranean Sea<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:1&#95;10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It occurs both close to the shore and further out, at depths down to about 800&#160;m (2,600&#160;ft), but much of its time is spent in shallower water at less than 50&#160;m (160&#160;ft).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;status&#95;20&#95;November&#95;2021&#95;1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It typically prefers more open sandy areas.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It has also been found in a semi-enclosed <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lagoon\" title=\"Lagoon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">lagoon<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Canaria\" title=\"Gran Canaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gran Canaria Island<\/a>, particularly in winter (March to April) and summer (August to October), where it was founded to prefer rocky and mixed bottoms.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:4&#95;11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Ecology\">Ecology<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Feeding_and_diet\">Feeding and diet<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Benthic invertebrates form an important part of the common eagle ray's diet.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:5&#95;6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The species largely feeds on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crustacean\" title=\"Crustacean\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">crustaceans<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bivalvia\" title=\"Bivalvia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bivalve molluscs<\/a> that it excavates from the seabed. Other items in its diet include <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polychaete\" title=\"Polychaete\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">polychaete worms<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastropoda\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gastropoda\" target=\"_new\">gastropod molluscs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_pen\" title=\"Sea pen\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sea pens<\/a> and small <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fish<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:1&#95;10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Larger individuals consume more fish than smaller individuals.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:5&#95;6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Instead of having pointed teeth, it has flattened hexagonal bars and plates arranged in a mosaic pattern on its jaws; with these, it crushes the shells of its prey.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Burton&#95;12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Burton-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Mollusks and teleost fish were found to be the most important food items for individuals living in the Sea of Marmara, although polychaetas and crustaceans were also frequently found amongst the stomach contents.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> <i><\/i> and <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stramonita_haemastoma\" title=\"Stramonita haemastoma\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Stramonita haemastoma<\/a><\/i> are the most common prey species off the coast off the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azores\" title=\"Azores\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Azores<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:6&#95;14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Reproduction_and_development\">Reproduction and development<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>This species is known to gather in groups of dozens of individuals during the reproductive period.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Reproduction is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ovoviviparity\" title=\"Ovoviviparity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">oviviviparous<\/a>. A clutch of three to seven young develop inside the mother, receiving nourishment at first from their egg yolks, but later from fluids secreted by their mother into her <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uterus\" title=\"Uterus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">uterus<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FishBase&#95;3-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FishBase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The gestation period is 6\u20138 months long, after which the female gives birth to between three and seven live pups.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The smallest juveniles were caught around France between May and September off the coast of France.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:7&#95;18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> They still had a unhealed scar on the lower surface, suggesting they were neonates. A study conducted in South Africa in 1983 found juveniles in November.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Juveniles were also found at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Canaria\" title=\"Gran Canaria\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gran Canaria<\/a> Island in October.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:4&#95;11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Female_development\">Female development<\/h4><\/div>\n<p>Juvenile females have whitish membranous ovaries and thread-like oviducts. The oviducal glands are inconspicuous. Sub-adults have white translucent follicles and a well differentiated genital duct. The oviducal glands are slightly rounded. Adult females captured in January and March off the coast of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" title=\"France\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">France<\/a> were found to have developing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oocytes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Oocytes\" target=\"_new\">oocytes<\/a> in both ovaries. The uteri were thick and muscular. They contained uterine fluid, which is probably sectreted from the villi that cover the internal wall. Females caught in August and September in the same region had between eight and ten yolky oocytes of a similar size and mass. Both uteri were enlarged and contained uterine fluid. The villi were well-developed and formed the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trophonemata\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Trophonemata\" target=\"_new\">trophonemata<\/a>, which plays an important role in stingray gestation. Fertilised eggs surrounded by a diaphanous  and a yellowish capsule that tapered to a small filament at either end were found in a female captured in October. The ovary contained atretic oocytes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:7&#95;18-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Male_development\">Male development<\/h4><\/div>\n<p>Juvenile males have thread-like testes and genital ducts. The orbits have a smooth surface. Sub-adult males have no externally visible <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spermatocyst\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spermatocyst\" target=\"_new\">spermatocysts<\/a> on the testes or sperm in the seminal vesicles. The superior surface of the orbit has a conspicuous protrusion. Adult males have elongated calcified claspers that are larger than the pelvic fins. The testes are well developed with visible external spermatocysts, a twisted genital duct and sperm in the seminal vesicles. They have well-developed conical supra-orbital vesicles.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:7&#95;18-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading4\"><h4 id=\"rdp-we-Hermaphrotism\">Hermaphrotism<\/h4><\/div>\n<p>At least one <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermaphrodite\" title=\"Hermaphrodite\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hermaphroditic<\/a> specimen has been recorded. This specimen was classified as an abnormal hermaphrodite, meaning it was unable to perform as a functioning male or female as the reproductive organs were underdeveloped.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Parasites\">Parasites<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Several parasites live in and on this species. These include <i><\/i> on the skin and <i><\/i> in the gills.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Relationship_with_humans\">Relationship with humans<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>While it does contain venom, this species is not considered to pose a risk to humans as stings typically don't have any strong effects.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-FishBase&#95;3-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FishBase-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Fishing\">Fishing<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>This species is sometimes caught as bycatch, including in the pelagic trawl fishery. Due to declining numbers, the levels of bycatch are not nearly as high as they were historically.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> A study in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adriatic_Sea\" title=\"Adriatic Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Adriatic Sea<\/a> showed that, on average, the fisheries in the region catch one common eagle ray every 20 hauls. About 79% of these are released alive after capture. The frequency is impacted by the depth of trawling, the season and the area being trawled. Most individuals were caught  between April and September in the more northern areas at depths of 20\u201340&#160;m (66\u2013131&#160;ft).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Tourism\">Tourism<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>This species has gained economic importance through underwater photographers and other <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scuba_diving\" title=\"Scuba diving\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">SCUBA<\/a> divers.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:6&#95;14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:6-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Bioaccumulation\">Bioaccumulation<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>A study in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea\" title=\"Mediterranean Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mediterranean Sea<\/a> examined the mercury and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methylmercury\" title=\"Methylmercury\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">methylmercury<\/a> (the most common organic mercury compound) concentrations in three cartilaginous fish species. The common eagle ray was found to have lower mercury concentrations (0.67-1.01&#160;mg\/kg) than <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimaera_monstrosa\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Chimaera monstrosa\" target=\"_new\">Chimaera monstrosa<\/a><\/i> or <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torpedo_nobiliana\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Torpedo nobiliana\" target=\"_new\">Torpedo nobiliana<\/a><\/i>. This is likely due to its diet as both the other two species feed on higher trophic levels (compared to the invertebrates that make up this eagle ray's diet). It also had the lowest methylmercury concentration (an average of 72%).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> This species does, however, appear to have higher levels of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arsenic\" title=\"Arsenic\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">arsenic<\/a> in its tissues than pelagic ray species.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Status\">Status<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature\" title=\"International Union for Conservation of Nature\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">International Union for Conservation of Nature<\/a> to rate it as \"<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critically_endangered\" title=\"Critically endangered\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">critically endangered<\/a>\".<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;status&#95;20&#95;November&#95;2021&#95;1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The taxonomic position of this fish is unclear as populations in the Mediterranean Sea may be a different species from those in the southeastern Atlantic. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Lion\" title=\"Gulf of Lion\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gulf of Lion<\/a> in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, populations declined in the 1970s, and there and elsewhere in the Mediterranean, the fish is under threat from intensive fishing.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;status&#95;20&#95;November&#95;2021&#95;1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The population has also been declining in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe, where it was once one of the most common skate and ray bycatch species (which collectively made up a total of about a quarter of the total catch by mass in 1881). The species is now rare in the region.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:2&#95;24-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Along the coast of West Africa it is also the subject of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artisanal_fishing\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Artisanal fishing\" target=\"_new\">artisanal fishing<\/a> activities but these are less intensive and populations may be steady.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;status&#95;20&#95;November&#95;2021&#95;1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-iucn&#95;status&#95;20&#95;November&#95;2021-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_20_November_2021_1-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJabado,&#95;R.W.Chartrain,&#95;E.Cliff,&#95;G.Da&#95;Silva,&#95;C.2021\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Jabado, R.W.; Chartrain, E.; Cliff, G.; Da Silva, C.; Derrick, D.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; Doherty, P.; Leurs, G.H.L.; Metcalfe, K.; Pacoureau, N.; Porri\u00f1os, G.; Seidu, I.; Soares, A.-L.; Tamo, A.; VanderWright, W.J.; Williams, A.B.; Winker, H. (2021). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/161569\/124508353\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Myliobatis aquila<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/i>. <b>2021<\/b> e.T161569A124508353. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161569A124508353.en\" target=\"_new\">10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161569A124508353.en<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 November<\/span> 2021<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Myliobatis+aquila&amp;rft.volume=2021&amp;rft.artnum=e.T161569A124508353&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161569A124508353.en&amp;rft.au=Jabado%2C+R.W.&amp;rft.au=Chartrain%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Cliff%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Da+Silva%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Derrick%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Dia%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Diop%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Doherty%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Leurs%2C+G.H.L.&amp;rft.au=Metcalfe%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Pacoureau%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Porri%C3%B1os%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Seidu%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Soares%2C+A.-L.&amp;rft.au=Tamo%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=VanderWright%2C+W.J.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+A.B.&amp;rft.au=Winker%2C+H.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F161569%2F124508353&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-WoRMS-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105860\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Myliobatis aquila<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>WoRMS<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 April<\/span> 2023<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WoRMS&amp;rft.atitle=Myliobatis+aquila&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D105860&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-FishBase-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FishBase_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FishBase_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FishBase_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FishBase_3-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FishBase_3-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fishbase.org\/summary\/4330\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Myliobatis aquila<\/i>: Common eagle ray\"<\/a>. FishBase<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 June<\/span> 2016<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Myliobatis+aquila%3A+Common+eagle+ray&amp;rft.pub=FishBase&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2F4330&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Muus-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Muus_4-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Muus, B., J. G. Nielsen, P. Dahlstrom and B. Nystrom (1999). <i>Sea Fish.<\/i> p. 76. <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>8790787005<\/bdi><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:0-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFZsilavecz2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Zsilavecz, Guido (2005). <i>Coastal fishes of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay: a divers' identification guide<\/i>. Cape Town: Southern Underwater Research Group. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>0-620-34230-7<\/bdi>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">OCLC<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/70133147\" target=\"_new\">70133147<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coastal+fishes+of+the+Cape+Peninsula+and+False+Bay%3A+a+divers%27+identification+guide&amp;rft.place=Cape+Town&amp;rft.pub=Southern+Underwater+Research+Group&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70133147&amp;rft.isbn=0-620-34230-7&amp;rft.aulast=Zsilavecz&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:5-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_6-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFChristian1976\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Christian, C. (1976-05-01). <span class=\"id-lock-subscription\" title=\"Paid subscription required\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/37.1.29\" target=\"_new\">\"Etude du regime alimentaire de l'Aigle de mer, Myliobatis aquila (L., 1758) des cotes tunisiennes\"<\/a><\/span>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science<\/i>. <b>37<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">29\u2013<\/span>35. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F37.1.29\" target=\"_new\">10.1093\/icesjms\/37.1.29<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1054-3139\" target=\"_new\">1054-3139<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Etude+du+regime+alimentaire+de+l%27Aigle+de+mer%2C+Myliobatis+aquila+%28L.%2C+1758%29+des+cotes+tunisiennes&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=29-35&amp;rft.date=1976-05-01&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F37.1.29&amp;rft.issn=1054-3139&amp;rft.aulast=Christian&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ficesjms%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F37.1.29&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:3-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSchwartz2005\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Schwartz, Frank J (2005). \"Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (order Myliobatiformes) found in the northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas\". <i>Electronic Journal of Ichthyology<\/i>. <b>1<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>9.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Ichthyology&amp;rft.atitle=Tail+spine+characteristics+of+stingrays+%28order+Myliobatiformes%29+found+in+the+northeast+Atlantic%2C+Mediterranean%2C+and+Black+Seas&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=1-9&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartz&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+J&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMaretic1982\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Maretic, Z. 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(2010). Abundance of stingrays in parangipettai coast and the importance of exploring properties of their venom. Inter. Jour. of Recent Scientific Research.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:1-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays (<i>Myliobatis aquila<\/i>). October 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ciesm.org\/Guide\/skatesandrays\/Myliobatis-aquila\" target=\"_new\">http:\/\/www.ciesm.org\/Guide\/skatesandrays\/Myliobatis-aquila<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:4-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTuyaAsensioNavarro2020\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Tuya, Fernando; Asensio, Maite; Navarro, Alberto (2020-05-01). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352485520304709\" target=\"_new\">\"<span class=\"cs1-kern-left\"><\/span>\"Urbanite\" rays and sharks: Presence, habitat use and population structure in an urban semi-enclosed lagoon\"<\/a>. <i>Regional Studies in Marine Science<\/i>. <b>37<\/b> 101342. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2020RSMS...3701342T\" target=\"_new\">2020RSMS...3701342T<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rsma.2020.101342\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.rsma.2020.101342<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hdl (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">hdl<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10553%2F73658\" target=\"_new\">10553\/73658<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/2352-4855\" target=\"_new\">2352-4855<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:225914133\" target=\"_new\">225914133<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Regional+Studies+in+Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=%22Urbanite%22+rays+and+sharks%3A+Presence%2C+habitat+use+and+population+structure+in+an+urban+semi-enclosed+lagoon&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.artnum=101342&amp;rft.date=2020-05-01&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Ahdl%2F10553%2F73658&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225914133%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSMS...3701342T&amp;rft.issn=2352-4855&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rsma.2020.101342&amp;rft.aulast=Tuya&amp;rft.aufirst=Fernando&amp;rft.au=Asensio%2C+Maite&amp;rft.au=Navarro%2C+Alberto&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2352485520304709&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Burton-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Burton_12-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBurton,&#95;MauriceBurton,&#95;Robert1969\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (1969). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0gsPc5lk7_UC&pg=PA729\" target=\"_new\"><i>International Wildlife Encyclopedia<\/i><\/a>. 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Vie et Milieu. 53. 25\u201330.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBuxtonSmaleWallaceCockcroft1984\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Buxton, C.D.; Smale, M.J.; Wallace, J.H.; Cockcroft, V.G. (1984-01-01). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F02541858.1984.11447880\" target=\"_new\">\"Inshore small-mesh trawling survey of the Cape south coast. Part 4. 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Series historia naturalis<\/i> (<span class=\"nowrap\">27\u2013<\/span>1). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19233%2FASHN.2017.06\" target=\"_new\">10.19233\/ASHN.2017.06<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annales%3A+Anali+za+istrske+in+mediteranske+%C5%A1tudije+%3D+Annali+di+Studi+istriani+e+mediterranei+%3D+Annals+for+Istrian+and+Mediterranean+studies.+Series+historia+naturalis&amp;rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Hermaphroditism+in+the+Common+Eagle+Ray+Myliobatis+Aquila+%28Chondrichthyes%3A+Myliobatidae%29%2C+Reported+from+the+Tunisian+Coast+%28Central+Mediterranean%29&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E1&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19233%2FASHN.2017.06&amp;rft.aulast=RAFRAFI-NOUIRA&amp;rft.aufirst=Sihem&amp;rft.au=EL+KAMEL-MOUTALIBI%2C+Olfa&amp;rft.au=OUNIFI-BEN+AMOR%2C+Khadija&amp;rft.au=BEN+AMOR%2C+Mohamed+Mourad&amp;rft.au=CAPAP%C3%89%2C+Christian&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLlewellynEuzet1964\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Llewellyn, J.; Euzet, L. (May 1964). <span class=\"id-lock-subscription\" title=\"Paid subscription required\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/parasitology\/article\/abs\/spermatophores-in-the-monogenean-entobdella-diadema-monticelli-from-the-skin-of-stingrays-with-a-note-on-the-taxonomy-of-the-parasite\/FCFA3BFAF3FFDF3F65FD5984D6A160BC\" target=\"_new\">\"Spermatophores in the Monogenean Entobdella diadema Monticelli from the skin of sting-rays, with a note on the taxonomy of the parasite\"<\/a><\/span>. <i>Parasitology<\/i>. <b>54<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">337\u2013<\/span>344. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0031182000067962\" target=\"_new\">10.1017\/S0031182000067962<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1469-8161\" target=\"_new\">1469-8161<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:84808479\" target=\"_new\">84808479<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Parasitology&amp;rft.atitle=Spermatophores+in+the+Monogenean+Entobdella+diadema+Monticelli+from+the+skin+of+sting-rays%2C+with+a+note+on+the+taxonomy+of+the+parasite&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=337-344&amp;rft.date=1964-05&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84808479%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1469-8161&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031182000067962&amp;rft.aulast=Llewellyn&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Euzet%2C+L.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fparasitology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fspermatophores-in-the-monogenean-entobdella-diadema-monticelli-from-the-skin-of-stingrays-with-a-note-on-the-taxonomy-of-the-parasite%2FFCFA3BFAF3FFDF3F65FD5984D6A160BC&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTazeroutiNeifarEuzet2011\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Tazerouti, Fadila; Neifar, Lassad; Euzet, Louis (2011-01-01). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478%2Fs11686-011-0056-4\" target=\"_new\">\"Redescription of Monocotyle myliobatis (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from the type host Myliobatis aquila (Elasmobranchii, Myliobatidae) off the Algerian coast\"<\/a>. <i>Acta Parasitologica<\/i>. <b>56<\/b> (3). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478%2Fs11686-011-0056-4\" target=\"_new\">10.2478\/s11686-011-0056-4<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1896-1851\" target=\"_new\">1896-1851<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:25272145\" target=\"_new\">25272145<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Parasitologica&amp;rft.atitle=Redescription+of+Monocotyle+myliobatis+%28Monogenea%2C+Monocotylidae%29+from+the+type+host+Myliobatis+aquila+%28Elasmobranchii%2C+Myliobatidae%29+off+the+Algerian+coast&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.date=2011-01-01&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25272145%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1896-1851&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fs11686-011-0056-4&amp;rft.aulast=Tazerouti&amp;rft.aufirst=Fadila&amp;rft.au=Neifar%2C+Lassad&amp;rft.au=Euzet%2C+Louis&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fs11686-011-0056-4&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMareti\u01071982\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Mareti\u0107, Z. (1982). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/clanak\/233656\" target=\"_new\">\"Elektrokardiografske promjene nakon ujeda i uboda otrovnih \u017eivotinja\"<\/a>. <i>Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju<\/i>. <b>33<\/b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\">325\u2013<\/span>333. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0004-1254\" target=\"_new\">0004-1254<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Arhiv+Za+Higijenu+Rada+I+Toksikologiju&amp;rft.atitle=Elektrokardiografske+promjene+nakon+ujeda+i+uboda+otrovnih+%C5%BEivotinja&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=325-333&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.issn=0004-1254&amp;rft.aulast=Mareti%C4%87&amp;rft.aufirst=Z.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Fclanak%2F233656&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:2-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_24-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_24-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFQuero1998\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Quero, Jean-Claude (1998-01-01). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F11250009809386873\" target=\"_new\">\"Changes in the Euro-Atlantic fish species composition resulting from fishing and ocean warming\"<\/a>. <i>Italian Journal of Zoology<\/i>. <b>65<\/b> (sup1): <span class=\"nowrap\">493\u2013<\/span>499. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F11250009809386873\" target=\"_new\">10.1080\/11250009809386873<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1125-0003\" target=\"_new\">1125-0003<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+Euro-Atlantic+fish+species+composition+resulting+from+fishing+and+ocean+warming&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=sup1&amp;rft.pages=493-499&amp;rft.date=1998-01-01&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11250009809386873&amp;rft.issn=1125-0003&amp;rft.aulast=Quero&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F11250009809386873&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBonanomiPulcinellaFortunaMoro2018\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bonanomi, Sara; Pulcinella, Jacopo; Fortuna, Caterina Maria; Moro, Fabrizio; Sala, Antonello (2018-01-29). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5788366\" target=\"_new\">\"Elasmobranch bycatch in the Italian Adriatic pelagic trawl fishery\"<\/a>. <i>PLOS ONE<\/i>. <b>13<\/b> (1) e0191647. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2018PLoSO..1391647B\" target=\"_new\">2018PLoSO..1391647B<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191647\" target=\"_new\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0191647<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1932-6203\" target=\"_new\">1932-6203<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5788366\" target=\"_new\">5788366<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29377920\" target=\"_new\">29377920<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Elasmobranch+bycatch+in+the+Italian+Adriatic+pelagic+trawl+fishery&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.artnum=e0191647&amp;rft.date=2018-01-29&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5788366%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1391647B&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F29377920&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0191647&amp;rft.issn=1932-6203&amp;rft.aulast=Bonanomi&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara&amp;rft.au=Pulcinella%2C+Jacopo&amp;rft.au=Fortuna%2C+Caterina+Maria&amp;rft.au=Moro%2C+Fabrizio&amp;rft.au=Sala%2C+Antonello&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5788366&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFStorelliGiacominelli-StufflerMarcotrigiano2002\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Storelli, M.M; Giacominelli-Stuffler, R; Marcotrigiano, G.O (December 2002). <span class=\"id-lock-subscription\" title=\"Paid subscription required\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025326X02002230\" target=\"_new\">\"Total and methylmercury residues in cartilaginous fish from Mediterranean Sea\"<\/a><\/span>. <i>Marine Pollution Bulletin<\/i>. <b>44<\/b> (12): <span class=\"nowrap\">1354\u2013<\/span>1358. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2002MarPB..44.1354S\" target=\"_new\">2002MarPB..44.1354S<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900223-0\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/S0025-326X(02)00223-0<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12523539\" target=\"_new\">12523539<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Total+and+methylmercury+residues+in+cartilaginous+fish+from+Mediterranean+Sea&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1354-1358&amp;rft.date=2002-12&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F12523539&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900223-0&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002MarPB..44.1354S&amp;rft.aulast=Storelli&amp;rft.aufirst=M.M&amp;rft.au=Giacominelli-Stuffler%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Marcotrigiano%2C+G.O&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0025326X02002230&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREF\u0160lejkovecStajnkoFalnogaLipej2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">\u0160lejkovec, Zdenka; Stajnko, Anja; Falnoga, Ingrid; Lipej, Lovrenc; Mazej, Darja; Horvat, Milena; Faganeli, Jadran (2014). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4284695\" target=\"_new\">\"Bioaccumulation of Arsenic Species in Rays from the Northern Adriatic Sea\"<\/a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences<\/i>. <b>15<\/b> (12): <span class=\"nowrap\">22073\u2013<\/span>22091. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijms151222073\" target=\"_new\">10.3390\/ijms151222073<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1422-0067\" target=\"_new\">1422-0067<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4284695\" target=\"_new\">4284695<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25470025\" target=\"_new\">25470025<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+of+Arsenic+Species+in+Rays+from+the+Northern+Adriatic+Sea&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=22073-22091&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4284695%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=1422-0067&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F25470025&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms151222073&amp;rft.aulast=%C5%A0lejkovec&amp;rft.aufirst=Zdenka&amp;rft.au=Stajnko%2C+Anja&amp;rft.au=Falnoga%2C+Ingrid&amp;rft.au=Lipej%2C+Lovrenc&amp;rft.au=Mazej%2C+Darja&amp;rft.au=Horvat%2C+Milena&amp;rft.au=Faganeli%2C+Jadran&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4284695&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+eagle+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n<ul><li><span class=\"noviewer sister-inline-image\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Wikimedia Commons logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"12\" height=\"16\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span> Media related to <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Myliobatis_aquila\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"commons:Category:Myliobatis aquila\" target=\"_new\">Myliobatis aquila<\/a> at Wikimedia Commons<\/li>\n<li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316373843\" \/><span class=\"noviewer sister-inline-image\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Wikispecies logo\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/Wikispecies-logo.svg\/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span> Data related to <a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Myliobatis aquila\" target=\"_new\">Myliobatis aquila<\/a> at Wikispecies<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\"><span class=\"portal-bar-header\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\" title=\"Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Portals<\/a>:<\/span><ul class=\"portal-bar-content\"><li class=\"portal-bar-item\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Antennarius_striatus.jpg\/40px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"13\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Fish\" title=\"Portal:Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish<\/a><\/li><li class=\"portal-bar-item\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"icon\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg\/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"14\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Animals\" title=\"Portal:Animals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Animals<\/a><\/li><li class=\"portal-bar-item\"><span class=\"nowrap\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"icon\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2d\/Issoria_lathonia.jpg\/40px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"21\" height=\"15\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Biology\" title=\"Portal:Biology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Biology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers3365\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers3365\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Myliobatis aquila<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q926676\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q926676\" target=\"_new\">Q926676<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Myliobatis_aquila\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Myliobatis aquila\" target=\"_new\">Myliobatis aquila<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=52096\" target=\"_new\">52096<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/453C6\" target=\"_new\">453C6<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclopedia_of_Life\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eol.org\/pages\/46561008\" target=\"_new\">46561008<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Nature_Information_System\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"European Nature Information System\" target=\"_new\">EUNIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eunis.eea.europa.eu\/species\/124506\" target=\"_new\">124506<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.ca\/summary\/4330\" target=\"_new\">4330<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2419310\" target=\"_new\">2419310<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/49311\" target=\"_new\">49311<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10760611\" target=\"_new\">10760611<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=160983\" target=\"_new\">160983<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/161569\/0\" target=\"_new\">161569<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Biodiversity_Network\" title=\"National Biodiversity Network\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NBN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/species.nbnatlas.org\/species\/NBNSYS0000184409\" target=\"_new\">NBNSYS0000184409<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/990611\/\" target=\"_new\">990611<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/186028\/\" target=\"_new\">186028<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/105860\" target=\"_new\">105860<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=114274\" target=\"_new\">114274<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleobiology_Database\" title=\"Paleobiology Database\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Paleobiology Database<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/paleobiodb.org\/classic\/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=153955\" target=\"_new\">153955<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plazi\" title=\"Plazi\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Plazi<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/treatment.plazi.org\/id\/92C0B34E-58DD-61D4-BF4B-653FE967DDDF\" target=\"_new\">92C0B34E-58DD-61D4-BF4B-653FE967DDDF<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105860\" target=\"_new\">105860<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.codfw.main\u201054ffd8c7c5\u20105xk4v\nCached time: 20260612041618\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Cite_IUCN (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, prevent\u2010selective\u2010update, show\u2010toc]\nCPU time usage: 0.471 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.687 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Template:Cite_iucn\n-->\n\n<!-- Render ID 75afe624-6615-11f1-a93f-49c0a7d062cf -->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:48423925:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20260612041618 and revision id 1313795203. Rendering was triggered because: page_view\n -->\n<\/div><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_eagle_ray<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left\" 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dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Common eagle ray<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button 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cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language\"><\/span>\n\n<span>28 languages<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-addsection-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"addsection-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Add topic<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-end\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-user-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet\" id=\"rdp-we-p-dock-bottom\">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><!-- #rdp-we-main -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Genus<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Miliobatus<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Species<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">aquila<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1132,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[27],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-150","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-sharks-and-rays","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"shipping-taxable","11":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Eagle ray - Moalboal Reef Species<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A comprehensive online checklist of reef flora and fauna known to be present in the Moalboal reef 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