{"id":149,"date":"2019-10-21T04:06:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-21T04:06:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=149"},"modified":"2020-07-06T09:32:31","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T09:32:31","slug":"blue-spotted-stingray","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/blue-spotted-stingray\/","title":{"rendered":"Blue-spotted stingray"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuhl%27s_maskray\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out vector-user-links-dropdown--collapsible user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" data-mw-donate-attempt=\"top_link\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item vector-menu-item--collapsible\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Taxonomy\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Taxonomy<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Taxonomy-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description_and_behavior\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description_and_behavior\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description and behavior<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Description_and_behavior-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Description and behavior subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description_and_behavior-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Diet\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Diet\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Diet<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Diet-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Reproduction\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Reproduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Threats_and_protected_areas\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Threats_and_protected_areas\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Threats and protected areas<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Threats_and_protected_areas-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Predators\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Predators\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Predators<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Predators-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Human_interaction\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Human_interaction\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Human interaction<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Human_interaction-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Parasites\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Parasites\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Parasites<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Parasites-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Applications\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Applications\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">8<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Applications<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Applications-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">9<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Further_reading\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Further_reading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">10<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Further reading<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Further_reading-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">11<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">23 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloukol-pylstert\" title=\"Bloukol-pylstert \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Bloukol-pylstert\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%87%D9%84%D9%89\" title=\"\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0649 \u2013 Egyptian Arabic\" lang=\"arz\" hreflang=\"arz\" data-title=\"\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0649\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649\" data-language-local-name=\"Egyptian Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\" data-language-local-name=\"Bulgarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE\" title=\"\u09a8\u09c0\u09b2\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b6\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u2013 Bangla\" lang=\"bn\" hreflang=\"bn\" data-title=\"\u09a8\u09c0\u09b2\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b6\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\" data-language-autonym=\"\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\" data-language-local-name=\"Bangla\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Catalan\" lang=\"ca\" hreflang=\"ca\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Catal\u00e0\" data-language-local-name=\"Catalan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Catal\u00e0<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bl%C3%A5plettet_pilrokke\" title=\"Bl\u00e5plettet pilrokke \u2013 Danish\" lang=\"da\" hreflang=\"da\" data-title=\"Bl\u00e5plettet pilrokke\" data-language-autonym=\"Dansk\" data-language-local-name=\"Danish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Dansk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Basque\" lang=\"eu\" hreflang=\"eu\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Euskara\" data-language-local-name=\"Basque\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Euskara<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C\" title=\"\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0622\u0628\u06cc \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0622\u0628\u06cc\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93\" title=\"\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3 \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05d8\u05e8\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF\" title=\"\u0d28\u0d40\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d7b\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u2013 Malayalam\" lang=\"ml\" hreflang=\"ml\" data-title=\"\u0d28\u0d40\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d7b\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02\" data-language-local-name=\"Malayalam\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Portugu\u00eas\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\" data-language-local-name=\"Russian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" data-title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii\" data-language-autonym=\"Svenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Swedish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Svenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2\" title=\"\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e08\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32 \u2013 Thai\" lang=\"th\" hreflang=\"th\" data-title=\"\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e08\u0e38\u0e14\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\" data-language-local-name=\"Thai\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9\" title=\"\u0425\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2013 Ukrainian\" lang=\"uk\" hreflang=\"uk\" data-title=\"\u0425\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\" data-language-local-name=\"Ukrainian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A1_%C4%91u%E1%BB%91i_b%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%91u%C3%B4i_v%E1%BA%B1n\" title=\"C\u00e1 \u0111u\u1ed1i b\u1ed3ng \u0111u\u00f4i v\u1eb1n \u2013 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"C\u00e1 \u0111u\u1ed1i b\u1ed3ng \u0111u\u00f4i v\u1eb1n\" data-language-autonym=\"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" title=\"Neotrygon kuhlii \u2013 Waray\" lang=\"war\" 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class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of cartilaginous fish<\/div>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Not to be confused with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluespotted_ribbontail_ray\" title=\"Bluespotted ribbontail ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bluespotted ribbontail ray<\/a>.<\/div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n\n<\/p>\n\n<p><b>Kuhl's maskray<\/b> (<i><b>Neotrygon kuhlii<\/b><\/i>), also known as the <b>blue-spotted stingray<\/b>, <b>blue-spotted maskray<\/b>, or <b>Kuhl's stingray<\/b>, is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\" title=\"Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">species<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stingray\" title=\"Stingray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">stingray<\/a> of the family <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dasyatidae\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Dasyatidae\" target=\"_new\">Dasyatidae<\/a>. Originally classified in the genus <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dasyatis\" title=\"Dasyatis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Dasyatis<\/a><\/i>, it was transferred to the genus <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Neotrygon\" target=\"_new\">Neotrygon<\/a><\/i> in 2008 after morphological and molecular analyses showed it to be distinct.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The body is rhomboidal and colored green with blue spots. Maximum disk width is estimated 46.5&#160;cm (18.3&#160;in).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is popular in aquaria, but usually not distinguished from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluespotted_ribbontail_ray\" title=\"Bluespotted ribbontail ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">blue-spotted ribbontail ray<\/a>. The ribbontail has a rounded body, is a brighter green with brighter blue and more vivid spots, but Kuhl's maskray is larger.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The stingray's lifespan is estimated at 13 years for females and 10 years for males.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The blue-spotted stingray preys on many fish and small mollusks. It is also generally found from Indonesia to Japan, and most of Australia. Kuhl's maskray also is targeted by many parasites, such as tapeworms, flatworms, and flukes.\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Taxonomy\">Taxonomy<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Kuhl's maskray was discovered by Heinrich Kuhl in Java, Indonesia. The population size of this species is greatly debatable due to the five different species of rays in Indonesia. Also, two different subgroups are known, the Java and Bali forms.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-IUCNNR&#95;6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IUCNNR-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The distinct difference between the two strains is their size, with the Bali being much larger than the Java.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> On the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">familial<\/a> level, the family Dasyatidae is made up of 9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genera\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Genera\" target=\"_new\">genera<\/a> and 70 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\" title=\"Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">species<\/a>. The species in <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Neotrygon\" target=\"_new\">Neotrygon<\/a><\/i> are called maskrays, because of the color pattern around their eyes.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description_and_behavior\">Description and behavior<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bluespot_stingray.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/Bluespot_stingray.jpg\/250px-Bluespot_stingray.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>The full body of a blue-spotted stingray, showing the black-and-white-striped tail<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Kuhl's maskrays have a flat, disc-like, rhomboid body up to 47&#160;cm (19&#160;in) in diameter and 70&#160;cm (28&#160;in) in total length.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Their coloring is a dark green with blue spots with a light white underbelly, also known as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Countershading\" title=\"Countershading\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">countershading<\/a>. Their snouts are very short and broadly angular along with an angular disc.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The rays' bright coloration serves as a warning for their venomous spines. The rays have a very long tail accommodating two venomous spines on its base. Their tails are about twice as long as their bodies, and the barbs or spines are two different sizes, one being very large and the other medium in size. Kuhl's maskrays have bright yellow eyes that are positioned to allow them a wide angle of view. Since their gills are located ventrally, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiracle_(vertebrates)\" title=\"Spiracle (vertebrates)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spiracles<\/a> allow water to reach the gills while resting or feeding on the benthos. The spiracles are located directly behind the eyes. The mouth is located on the ventral side of the body, which promotes the unique foraging technique of stingrays.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Shedd&#95;9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Shedd-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Rays are normally solitary individuals, but can occur in groups. One unique characteristic of Kuhl's maskrays is that they bury themselves in the sand only to hide from predators, unlike most stingrays, which bury themselves regularly to hunt.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Shedd&#95;9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Shedd-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Shrimp.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a6\/Shrimp.jpg\/250px-Shrimp.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Shrimp, one of the blue-spotted stingray's food sources<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Diet\">Diet<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Kuhl's maskray feeds on shrimp, small bony fish, mollusks, crabs, and worms. Because this ray is a shallow-bottom feeder, it has a small variety of marine life on which to prey. It overpowers its prey by pinning it to the bottom of the seafloor with its fins. This ray has numerous tiny teeth, with the lower jaw being slightly convex. Like most stingrays, it has plate-like teeth to crush prey.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Reproduction\">Reproduction<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Kuhl's maskray is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ovoviviparous\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ovoviviparous\" target=\"_new\">ovoviviparous<\/a>. The embryos are retained in eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. The embryos receive nourishment from the mothers' <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uterine_fluid\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Uterine fluid\" target=\"_new\">uterine fluid<\/a>. Mothers give birth to up to seven pups per litter; these pups range from 6 to 13&#160;in (150 to 330&#160;mm) long at birth.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Bester&#95;10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bester-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The blue-spotted stingray passes its offspring 32 sets of chromosomes.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The female also has an annual reproductive cycle. The mating season is in October and November, and the ovulating season is in the Australian summer (December 1- February 28\/29), which coincides with the embryonic development.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Habitat\">Habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The blue-spotted stingray is commonly found in waters of depths less than 90&#160;m (295&#160;ft), being commonly found in sand and mudflats, but is also encountered near rocky <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reefs\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Coral reefs\" target=\"_new\">coral reefs<\/a> and sea grass beds. This stingray is found in a tropical climate at 29\u00b0N to 31\u00b0S, and 20\u00b0E to 171\u00b0W.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> At high tide, the blue-spotted stingray moves into the shallow lagoons and reef flats.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-IUCNNR&#95;6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IUCNNR-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is found in northern <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia\" title=\"Australia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Australia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenya\" title=\"Kenya\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Kenya<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madagascar\" title=\"Madagascar\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Madagascar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mauritius\" title=\"Mauritius\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mauritius<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Somalia<\/a>, the east coast of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa\" title=\"South Africa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">South Africa<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\" title=\"India\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">India<\/a>, and in almost the entire continental waters of Asia, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_of_Japan\" title=\"Sea of Japan\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sea of Japan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow_Sea\" title=\"Yellow Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Yellow Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_China_Sea\" title=\"East China Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">East China Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Sea\" title=\"Philippine Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Philippine Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulu_Sea\" title=\"Sulu Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sulu Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Java_Sea\" title=\"Java Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Java Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banda_Sea\" title=\"Banda Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Banda Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celebes_Sea\" title=\"Celebes Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Celebes Sea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andaman_Sea\" title=\"Andaman Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Andaman Sea<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bay_of_Bengal\" title=\"Bay of Bengal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bay of Bengal<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabian_Sea\" title=\"Arabian Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Arabian Sea<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blue_spotted_stingray_NTB.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/61\/Blue_spotted_stingray_NTB.jpg\/250px-Blue_spotted_stingray_NTB.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"106\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>The body of a Kuhl's maskray is more angular, which distinguishes it from the blue-spotted ribbontail ray.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Threats_and_protected_areas\">Threats and protected areas<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Queensland, Australia, has many areas for high protection of Kuhl's maskrays, three being the Shoalwater, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corio_Bay\" title=\"Corio Bay\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Corio Bay<\/a>'s Area Ramsar Site, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park\" title=\"Great Barrier Reef Marine Park\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park<\/a>. A major threat to this stingray is the destruction of coral reefs mainly in the north-western Pacific. The rays dwell in these reefs and the destruction and pollution from fertilizers and pesticides hurt them.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Shedd&#95;9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Shedd-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The ray is commonly caught in the Java Sea by fishermen <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trawling\" title=\"Trawling\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">trawling<\/a> and by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danish_seine\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Danish seine\" target=\"_new\">Danish seine<\/a> boats in large quantities. The blue-spotted stingray is the second-most significant species of the shark, ray, and skate families to be fished, contributing to about 700&#160;kg (1,500&#160;lb) per boat in 2006\u20132007.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-IUCNNR&#95;6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IUCNNR-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Predators\">Predators<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Larger elasmobranchs, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hammerhead_shark\" title=\"Hammerhead shark\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hammerhead sharks<\/a>, prey on Kuhl's maskrays. The rays' coloration is a warning for the highly venomous barbs, thus few animals attempt to overpower them.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Bester&#95;10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bester-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The hammerhead shark uses its head to pin down this stingray, while it is in shock and much weaker.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Human_interaction\">Human interaction<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Due to the unique characteristics of this ray, it is commonly found in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pet_trade\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pet trade\" target=\"_new\">pet trade<\/a>, but many people ignore the fact that the fully mature size of the ray exceeds the capacity of many household aquaria.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Shedd&#95;9-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Shedd-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Kuhl's maskray is generally fished for its meat, being either smoked and salted or dried for local markets, but inexpensive due to its small size.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-fishbase&#95;7-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-IUCNNR&#95;6-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-IUCNNR-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is caught in mass in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bottom_trawl\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bottom trawl\" target=\"_new\">bottom trawl<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishing_net#Trammel\" title=\"Fishing net\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">trammel<\/a>, and fish traps. Kuhl's maskray is very venomous and it has a barb about 12&#160;in (300&#160;mm) long. The venom contains <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin\" title=\"Serotonin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">serotonin<\/a>, 5' <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nucleotidase\" title=\"Nucleotidase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">nucleotidase<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phosphodiesterase\" title=\"Phosphodiesterase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">phosphodiesterase<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The skin of the blue-spotted stingray is often used for drums, such as on the Arab and Turkish<i> darbuka<\/i> goblet drum and <i>riq<\/i> tambourine.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Parasites\">Parasites<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Many parasites can inhabit the blue-spotted stingray:<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"\">\n\n<tbody><tr>\n<th>Common Class<\/th>\n<th>Group<\/th>\n<th>Parasite\n<\/th><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tapeworms<\/td>\n<td>Cestodes, Cephalobothriidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Cephalobothrium longisegmentum<\/i> and <i>Tylocephalum kuhli<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tapeworms<\/td>\n<td>Cestodes, Mixodigmatidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Trygonicola macroporus<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tapeworms<\/td>\n<td>Cestodes, Onchobothriidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Acanthobothrium bengalens<\/i>, <i>Acanthobothrium confusum<\/i>, <i>Acanthobothrium herdmani<\/i>, and <i>Acanthobothrium pingtanensis<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tapeworms<\/td>\n<td>Cestodes, Phyllobothriidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Echeneibothrium trygonis<\/i>, <i>Phyllobothrium ptychocephalum<\/i>, <i>Rhinebothrium shipleyi<\/i>, <i>Scalithrium shipleyi<\/i>, and <i>Scalithrium trygonis<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flatworms<\/td>\n<td>Monogeneans, Monocotylidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Dendromonocotyle kuhlii<\/i>, <i>Heterocotyle chinensis<\/i>, <i>Monocotyle kuhlii<\/i>, and <i>Monocotyle tritestis<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flukes<\/td>\n<td>Trematodes, Monocotylidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Prosorhynchus clavatum<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flukes<\/td>\n<td>Trematodes, Didymozoidae<\/td>\n<td><i>Didymozoid larva<\/i>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Applications\">Applications<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>Two short peptides identified from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrolyzed_protein\" title=\"Hydrolyzed protein\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hydrolyzed proteins<\/a> of this species showed protective effects against the oxidation of lipids, DNA and proteins. The potential application of the peptides as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Functional_food\" title=\"Functional food\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">functional food<\/a> ingredients or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nutraceutical\" title=\"Nutraceutical\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">nutraceuticals<\/a> has been proposed.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-17\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-iucn&#95;status&#95;12&#95;November&#95;2021-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFKyne,&#95;P.M.Finucci,&#95;B.2018\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kyne, P.M. &amp; Finucci, B. (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/116847578\/116849874\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Neotrygon kuhlii<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/i>. <b>2018<\/b> e.T116847578A116849874. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T116847578A116849874.en\" target=\"_new\">10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T116847578A116849874.en<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 November<\/span> 2021<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Neotrygon+kuhlii&amp;rft.volume=2018&amp;rft.artnum=e.T116847578A116849874&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T116847578A116849874.en&amp;rft.au=Kyne%2C+P.M.&amp;rft.au=Finucci%2C+B.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F116847578%2F116849874&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLastWhite2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Last, P. R.; White, W. T. (2008). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/bionames.org\/bionames-archive\/issn\/1833-2331\/22\/315.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Resurrection of the genus Neotrygon Castelnau (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the descriptions of Neotrygon picta sp. nov., a new species from northern Australia\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. CSIRO Marine &amp; Atmospheric Research. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151120221115\/http:\/\/bionames.org\/bionames-archive\/issn\/1833-2331\/22\/315.pdf\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span> from the original on 2015-11-20<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2015-08-26<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Resurrection+of+the+genus+Neotrygon+Castelnau+%28Myliobatoidei%3A+Dasyatidae%29+with+the+descriptions+of+Neotrygon+picta+sp.+nov.%2C+a+new+species+from+northern+Australia&amp;rft.pub=CSIRO+Marine+%26+Atmospheric+Research&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Last&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+R.&amp;rft.au=White%2C+W.+T.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fbionames.org%2Fbionames-archive%2Fissn%2F1833-2331%2F22%2F315.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPiercePardoBennett2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Pierce, S. J.; Pardo, S. A.; Bennett, M. B. (2009). \"Reproduction of the Blue-spotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia\". <i>Journal of Fish Biology<\/i>. <b>74<\/b> (6): <span class=\"nowrap\">1291\u2013<\/span>1308. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009JFBio..74.1291P\" target=\"_new\">2009JFBio..74.1291P<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2009.02202.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02202.x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20735632\" target=\"_new\">20735632<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Reproduction+of+the+Blue-spotted+maskray+Neotrygon+kuhlii+%28Myliobatoidei%3A+Dasyatidae%29+in+southeast+Queensland%2C+Australia&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1291-1308&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F20735632&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2009.02202.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JFBio..74.1291P&amp;rft.aulast=Pierce&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Pardo%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+M.+B.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">(<a href=\"#CITEREFRandall2005\">Randall 2005<\/a>, p.&#160;18)<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPierceBennett2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Pierce, S. J.; Bennett, M. B. (2009). \"Validated annual band-pair periodicity and growth parameters of blue-spotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii from southeast Queensland, Australia\". <i>Journal of Fish Biology<\/i>. <b>75<\/b> (10): <span class=\"nowrap\">2490\u2013<\/span>2508. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009JFBio..75.2490P\" target=\"_new\">2009JFBio..75.2490P<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2009.02435.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02435.x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20738504\" target=\"_new\">20738504<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Validated+annual+band-pair+periodicity+and+growth+parameters+of+blue-spotted+maskray+Neotrygon+kuhlii+from+southeast+Queensland%2C+Australia&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2490-2508&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F20738504&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2009.02435.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JFBio..75.2490P&amp;rft.aulast=Pierce&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+M.+B.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-IUCNNR-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-IUCNNR_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IUCNNR_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IUCNNR_6-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-IUCNNR_6-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180301000000\/https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/161590\/0\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Dasyatis kuhlii<\/i>\"<\/a>. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/161590\/0\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 1 March 2018.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dasyatis+kuhlii&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F161590%2F0&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-fishbase-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_7-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_7-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_7-4\"><sup><i><b>e<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fishbase_7-5\"><sup><i><b>f<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFroesePauly\" class=\"citation web cs1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainer_Froese\" title=\"Rainer Froese\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Froese, Rainer<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Pauly\" title=\"Daniel Pauly\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pauly, Daniel<\/a> (eds.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.org\/summary\/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neotrygon&speciesname=kuhlii\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Neotrygon kuhlii<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a><\/i>. December 2011 version. 4508.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=FishBase&amp;rft.atitle=Neotrygon+kuhlii&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DNeotrygon%26speciesname%3Dkuhlii&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.fiu.edu\/~heithaus\/SBERP\/pdfs\/species\/raysfs.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Species Fact Sheet-- Rays\"<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. Shark Bay Ecosystem Research Project. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100804141242\/http:\/\/www2.fiu.edu\/~heithaus\/SBERP\/pdfs\/species\/raysfs.pdf\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span> from the original on August 4, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 18,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet--+Rays&amp;rft.pub=Shark+Bay+Ecosystem+Research+Project&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fiu.edu%2F~heithaus%2FSBERP%2Fpdfs%2Fspecies%2Fraysfs.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Shedd-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Shedd_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Shedd_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Shedd_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Shedd_9-3\"><sup><i><b>d<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120426061435\/http:\/\/sea.sheddaquarium.org\/sea\/fact_sheets.asp?id=109\" target=\"_new\">\"Blue Spot Stingray\"<\/a>. John G. Shedd Aquarium. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/sea.sheddaquarium.org\/sea\/fact_sheets.asp?id=109\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on April 26, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 18,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Blue+Spot+Stingray&amp;rft.pub=John+G.+Shedd+Aquarium&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fsea.sheddaquarium.org%2Fsea%2Ffact&#95;sheets.asp%3Fid%3D109%23&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Bester-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bester_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Bester_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBester2011\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Bester, Cathleen (November 11, 2011). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.flmnh.ufl.edu\/fish\/gallery\/Descript\/bluespottedsray\/bluespottedsray.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Blue Spotted Stingray\"<\/a>. Ichthyology Department, Florida Museum of Natural History. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120519054325\/http:\/\/www.flmnh.ufl.edu\/fish\/gallery\/Descript\/bluespottedsray\/bluespottedsray.html\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> from the original on May 19, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 11,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Blue+Spotted+Stingray&amp;rft.pub=Ichthyology+Department%2C+Florida+Museum+of+Natural+History&amp;rft.date=2011-11-11&amp;rft.aulast=Bester&amp;rft.aufirst=Cathleen&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Ffish%2Fgallery%2FDescript%2Fbluespottedsray%2Fbluespottedsray.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPiercePardoBennett2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Pierce, S. J.; Pardo, S. A.; Bennett, M. B. (2009). \"Reproduction of the blue-spotted maskray <i>Dasyatis kuhlii<\/i> (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia\". <i>Journal of Fish Biology<\/i>. <b>74<\/b> (6): <span class=\"nowrap\">1291\u2013<\/span>308. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009JFBio..74.1291P\" target=\"_new\">2009JFBio..74.1291P<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2009.02202.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02202.x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20735632\" target=\"_new\">20735632<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Reproduction+of+the+blue-spotted+maskray+Dasyatis+kuhlii+%28Myliobatoidei%3A+Dasyatidae%29+in+southeast+Queensland%2C+Australia&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1291-308&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F20735632&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2009.02202.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JFBio..74.1291P&amp;rft.aulast=Pierce&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+J.&amp;rft.au=Pardo%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+M.+B.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBailly,&#95;Nicolas2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Bailly, Nicolas (2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=398330\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Dasyatis kuhlii<\/i> (M\u00fcller &amp; Henle, 1841)\"<\/a>. <i>WoRMS<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WoRMS&amp;rft.atitle=Dasyatis+kuhlii+%28M%C3%BCller+%26+Henle%2C+1841%29&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D398330&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPablico,&#95;Grace&#95;Tolentino2006\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pablico, Grace Tolentino (June 23, 2006). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fishbase.tw\/TrophicEco\/PredatorSummary.php?vpredatstage=juv.%2Fadults&genusname=Dasyatis&speciesname=kuhlii&vstockcode=5631&vpreystage=juv.%2Fadults&vpredatorgroup=Delphinidae&vpredatorname=Orcinus+orca\" target=\"_new\">\"Predator Summary&#160;\u2014 <i>Neotrygon kuhlii<\/i>\"<\/a>. FishBase. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924013431\/http:\/\/www.fishbase.tw\/TrophicEco\/PredatorSummary.php?vpredatstage=juv.%2Fadults&genusname=Dasyatis&speciesname=kuhlii&vstockcode=5631&vpreystage=juv.%2Fadults&vpredatorgroup=Delphinidae&vpredatorname=Orcinus+orca\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 27,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Predator+Summary+%E2%80%94+Neotrygon+kuhlii&amp;rft.pub=FishBase&amp;rft.date=2006-06-23&amp;rft.au=Pablico%2C+Grace+Tolentino&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.tw%2FTrophicEco%2FPredatorSummary.php%3Fvpredatstage%3Djuv.%252Fadults%26genusname%3DDasyatis%26speciesname%3Dkuhlii%26vstockcode%3D5631%26vpreystage%3Djuv.%252Fadults%26vpredatorgroup%3DDelphinidae%26vpredatorname%3DOrcinus%2Borca&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-14\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aquaticcommunity.com\/sharkfish\/hammerheadshark.php\" target=\"_new\">\"Hammerhead Shark\"<\/a>. Aquatic Community. 2006. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190130105212\/http:\/\/www.aquaticcommunity.com\/sharkfish\/hammerheadshark.php\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> from the original on January 30, 2019<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 31,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hammerhead+Shark&amp;rft.pub=Aquatic+Community&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquaticcommunity.com%2Fsharkfish%2Fhammerheadshark.php&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAuerbach,&#95;M.D.2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Auerbach, M.D., Paul S. (April 20, 2009). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.diversalertnetwork.org\/default.aspx?a=news&id=845\" target=\"_new\">\"The Tragic Death of Steve Irwin\"<\/a>. Divers Alert Network. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120511021937\/http:\/\/www.diversalertnetwork.org\/default.aspx?a=news&id=845\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> from the original on May 11, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 31,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tragic+Death+of+Steve+Irwin&amp;rft.pub=Divers+Alert+Network&amp;rft.date=2009-04-20&amp;rft.aulast=Auerbach%2C+M.D.&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversalertnetwork.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fa%3Dnews%26id%3D845&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/research-curation\/research\/projects\/host-parasites\/database\/results.jsp?location=&paragroup=&showparasites=on&paraspecies=&fmhostgenus=Contains&fmparagenus=Starts+with&showrefs=on&fmsubgroup=Starts+with&search=Search&groupby=parasite&pstatus=&showhosts=on&paragenus=&fmparaspecies=Starts+with&subgroup=&showgrouping=on&fmhostspecies=Starts+with&hstate=&hostgenus=Dasyatis&hostspecies=kuhlii\" target=\"_new\">\"Host-parasite Database\"<\/a>. Natural History Museum. November 13, 2011. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230906151054\/https:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/research-curation\/scientific-resources\/taxonomy-systematics\/host-parasites\/database\/results.jsp?location=&paragroup=&showparasites=on&paraspecies=&fmhostgenus=Contains&fmparagenus=Starts+with&showrefs=on&fmsubgroup=Starts+with&search=Search&groupby=parasite&pstatus=&showhosts=on&paragenus=&fmparaspecies=Starts+with&subgroup=&showgrouping=on&fmhostspecies=Starts+with&hstate=&hostgenus=Dasyatis&hostspecies=kuhlii\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> from the original on September 6, 2023<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 13,<\/span> 2011<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Host-parasite+Database&amp;rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&amp;rft.date=2011-11-13&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fresearch-curation%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fhost-parasites%2Fdatabase%2Fresults.jsp%3Flocation%3D%26paragroup%3D%26showparasites%3Don%26paraspecies%3D%26fmhostgenus%3DContains%26fmparagenus%3DStarts%2Bwith%26showrefs%3Don%26fmsubgroup%3DStarts%2Bwith%26search%3DSearch%26groupby%3Dparasite%26pstatus%3D%26showhosts%3Don%26paragenus%3D%26fmparaspecies%3DStarts%2Bwith%26subgroup%3D%26showgrouping%3Don%26fmhostspecies%3DStarts%2Bwith%26hstate%3D%26hostgenus%3DDasyatis%26hostspecies%3Dkuhlii&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-17\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWongXiaoOngPang2019\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Wong, Fai-Chu; Xiao, Jianbo; Ong, Michelle G-Ling; Pang, Mei-Jing; Wong, Shao-Jun; Teh, Lai-Kuan; Chai, Tsun-Thai (2019). \"Identification and characterization of antioxidant peptides from hydrolysate of blue-spotted stingray and their stability against thermal, pH and simulated gastrointestinal digestion treatments\". <i>Food Chemistry<\/i>. <b>271<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">614\u2013<\/span>622. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2018.07.206\" target=\"_new\">10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.07.206<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30236723\" target=\"_new\">30236723<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:52309495\" target=\"_new\">52309495<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Identification+and+characterization+of+antioxidant+peptides+from+hydrolysate+of+blue-spotted+stingray+and+their+stability+against+thermal%2C+pH+and+simulated+gastrointestinal+digestion+treatments&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.pages=614-622&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52309495%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F30236723&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2018.07.206&amp;rft.aulast=Wong&amp;rft.aufirst=Fai-Chu&amp;rft.au=Xiao%2C+Jianbo&amp;rft.au=Ong%2C+Michelle+G-Ling&amp;rft.au=Pang%2C+Mei-Jing&amp;rft.au=Wong%2C+Shao-Jun&amp;rft.au=Teh%2C+Lai-Kuan&amp;rft.au=Chai%2C+Tsun-Thai&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Further_reading\">Further reading<\/h2><\/div>\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFRandall2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Randall, John E. (2005). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.uhpress.hawaii.edu\/p-3183-9780824826987.aspx\" target=\"_new\"><i>Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands<\/i><\/a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-0-8248-2698-7<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Reef+and+Shore+Fishes+of+the+South+Pacific%3A+New+Caledonia+to+Tahiti+and+the+Pitcairn+Islands&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2698-7&amp;rft.aulast=Randall&amp;rft.aufirst=John+E.&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhpress.hawaii.edu%2Fp-3183-9780824826987.aspx&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuhl%27s+maskray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bajolagua.es\/Rayas\/index.html\" target=\"_new\">Bluespotted Ray Photo Gallery<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Red Sea<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Photos of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sealifecollection.org\/taxon\/398330\" target=\"_new\">Kuhl&#39;s maskray<\/a> in the Sealife Collection<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Fish5825\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"3\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064\" \/><div id=\"rdp-we-Fish5825\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">About <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish\" title=\"Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">fish<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diversity_of_fish\" title=\"Diversity of fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Diversity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethnoichthyology\" title=\"Ethnoichthyology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ethnoichthyology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolution_of_fish\" title=\"Evolution of fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Evolution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_diseases_and_parasites\" title=\"Fish diseases and parasites\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Diseases and parasites<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishing\" title=\"Fishing\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fishing<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fishery\" title=\"Fishery\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fisheries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_of_fishing\" title=\"Environmental impact of fishing\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Environmental impact of fishing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_as_food\" title=\"Fish as food\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">- as food<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear_of_fish\" title=\"Fear of fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fear of -<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_kill\" title=\"Fish kill\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish kill<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypoxia_in_fish\" title=\"Hypoxia in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hypoxia in -<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ichthyology\" title=\"Ichthyology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ichthyology<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><td class=\"noviewer navbox-image\" rowspan=\"11\" style=\"width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px\"><div><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" title=\"Striated frogfish\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Striated frogfish\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Antennarius_striatus.jpg\/250px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"86\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_anatomy\" title=\"Fish anatomy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Anatomy<\/a><br \/> and<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_physiology\" title=\"Fish physiology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">physiology<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_determination_in_fish\" title=\"Age determination in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Age determination<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anguilliformity\" title=\"Anguilliformity\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Anguilliformity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_bone\" title=\"Fish bone\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bone<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dermal_bone\" title=\"Dermal bone\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dermal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intramembranous_ossification\" title=\"Intramembranous ossification\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">intramembranous ossification<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleithrum\" title=\"Cleithrum\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cleithrum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromatophore\" title=\"Chromatophore\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Chromatophore<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_fin\" title=\"Fish fin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fins<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dorsal_fin\" title=\"Dorsal fin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dorsal fin<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_gill\" title=\"Fish gill\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Gill<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Branchial_arch\" title=\"Branchial arch\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">branchial arch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill_raker\" title=\"Gill raker\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gill raker<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill_slit\" title=\"Gill slit\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gill slit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharyngeal_arch\" title=\"Pharyngeal arch\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pharyngeal arch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharyngeal_slit\" title=\"Pharyngeal slit\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pharyngeal slit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudobranch\" title=\"Pseudobranch\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pseudobranch<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossohyal\" title=\"Glossohyal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Glossohyal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_jaw\" title=\"Fish jaw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Jaw<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyomandibula\" title=\"Hyomandibula\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">hyomandibula<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharyngeal_jaw\" title=\"Pharyngeal jaw\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pharyngeal jaw<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leydig%27s_organ\" title=\"Leydig&#39;s organ\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Leydig's organ<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mauthner_cell\" title=\"Mauthner cell\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mauthner cell<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meristics\" title=\"Meristics\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Meristics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operculum_(fish)\" title=\"Operculum (fish)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Operculum<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operculum_papillare\" title=\"Operculum papillare\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">papillare<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)\" title=\"Papilla (fish anatomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Papilla<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photophore\" title=\"Photophore\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Photophore<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Root_effect\" title=\"Root effect\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Root effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shark_cartilage\" title=\"Shark cartilage\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Shark cartilage<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_scale\" title=\"Fish scale\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Scales<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganoine\" title=\"Ganoine\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ganoine<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiral_valve\" title=\"Spiral valve\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Spiral valve<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suckermouth\" title=\"Suckermouth\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Suckermouth<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swim_bladder\" title=\"Swim bladder\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Swim bladder<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physoclisti\" title=\"Physoclisti\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">physoclisti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physostome\" title=\"Physostome\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">physostome<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teeth\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Teeth\" target=\"_new\">Teeth<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharyngeal_teeth\" title=\"Pharyngeal teeth\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pharyngeal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shark_tooth\" title=\"Shark tooth\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shark<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teleost_leptins\" title=\"Teleost leptins\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Teleost leptins<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Fish_Library\" title=\"Digital Fish Library\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Digital Library<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensory_systems_in_fish\" title=\"Sensory systems in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sensory<br \/>systems<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini\" title=\"Ampullae of Lorenzini\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ampullae of Lorenzini<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barbel_(anatomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Barbel (anatomy)\" target=\"_new\">Barbel<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrodynamic_reception\" title=\"Hydrodynamic reception\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hydrodynamic reception<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis\" title=\"Electroreception and electrogenesis\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Electroreception and electrogenesis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamming_avoidance_response\" title=\"Jamming avoidance response\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Jamming avoidance response<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lateral_line\" title=\"Lateral line\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Lateral line<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otolith\" title=\"Otolith\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Otolith<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pain_in_fish\" title=\"Pain in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Capacity for pain<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schreckstoff\" title=\"Schreckstoff\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Schreckstoff<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals\" title=\"Surface wave detection by animals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Surface wave detection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vision_in_fishes\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Vision in fishes\" target=\"_new\">Vision<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weberian_apparatus\" title=\"Weberian apparatus\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Weberian apparatus<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_reproduction\" title=\"Fish reproduction\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Reproduction<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bubble_nest\" title=\"Bubble nest\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bubble nest<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clasper\" title=\"Clasper\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Clasper<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)\" title=\"Egg case (Chondrichthyes)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Egg case<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_development\" title=\"Fish development\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Development<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ichthyoplankton\" title=\"Ichthyoplankton\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ichthyoplankton<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juvenile_fish\" title=\"Juvenile fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Juvenile<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_history_theory\" title=\"Life history theory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Life history theory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milt\" title=\"Milt\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Milt<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mouthbrooder\" title=\"Mouthbrooder\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mouthbrooder<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polyandry_in_fish\" title=\"Polyandry in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Polyandry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregnancy_in_fish\" title=\"Pregnancy in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pregnancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roe\" title=\"Roe\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Roe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sequential_hermaphroditism\" title=\"Sequential hermaphroditism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sequential hermaphroditism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawn_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Spawn (biology)\" target=\"_new\">Spawning<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spawning_trigger\" title=\"Spawning trigger\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">triggers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_locomotion\" title=\"Fish locomotion\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Locomotion<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion\" title=\"Fin and flipper locomotion\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fin and flipper locomotion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphibious_fish\" title=\"Amphibious fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Amphibious<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walking_fish\" title=\"Walking fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Walking<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flying_fish\" title=\"Flying fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Flying<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Undulatory_locomotion\" title=\"Undulatory locomotion\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Undulatory locomotion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water\" title=\"Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RoboTuna\" title=\"RoboTuna\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">RoboTuna<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other<br \/>behaviour<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquatic_predation\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Aquatic predation\" target=\"_new\">Aquatic predation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquatic_respiration\" title=\"Aquatic respiration\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Aquatic respiration<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bait_ball\" title=\"Bait ball\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bait ball<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bottom_feeder\" title=\"Bottom feeder\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bottom feeders<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleaner_fish\" title=\"Cleaner fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cleaner fish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corallivore\" title=\"Corallivore\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Corallivory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diel_vertical_migration\" title=\"Diel vertical migration\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Diel vertical migration<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electric_fish\" title=\"Electric fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Electric fish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filter_feeder\" title=\"Filter feeder\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Filter feeders<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forage_fish\" title=\"Forage fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Forage fish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_migration\" title=\"Fish migration\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Migratory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paedophagy\" title=\"Paedophagy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Paedophagy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predatory_fish\" title=\"Predatory fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Predatory<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salmon_run\" title=\"Salmon run\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Salmon run<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sardine_run\" title=\"Sardine run\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sardine run<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lepidophagy\" title=\"Lepidophagy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Scale eaters<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shoaling_and_schooling\" title=\"Shoaling and schooling\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Schooling fish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_in_fish\" title=\"Sleep in fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sleep<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venomous_fish\" title=\"Venomous fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Venomous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_intelligence\" title=\"Fish intelligence\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Intelligence<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">By <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_habitat\" title=\"Marine habitat\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">habitat<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cavefish\" title=\"Cavefish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cave<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coastal_fish\" title=\"Coastal fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coastal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coldwater_fish\" title=\"Coldwater fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coldwater<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef_fish\" title=\"Coral reef fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coral reef<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep-sea_fish\" title=\"Deep-sea fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Deep-sea<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demersal_fish\" title=\"Demersal fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Demersal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euryhaline\" title=\"Euryhaline\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Euryhaline<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freshwater_fish\" title=\"Freshwater fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Freshwater<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groundfish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Groundfish\" target=\"_new\">Groundfish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pelagic_fish\" title=\"Pelagic fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Pelagic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical_fish\" title=\"Tropical fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tropical<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other types<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bait_fish\" title=\"Bait fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bait<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coarse_fishing\" title=\"Coarse fishing\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Coarse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diversity_of_fish\" title=\"Diversity of fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Diversity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Game_fish\" title=\"Game fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Game<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_fish\" title=\"Genetically modified fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Genetically modified<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hallucinogenic_fish\" title=\"Hallucinogenic fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hallucinogenic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oily_fish\" title=\"Oily fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Oily<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poisonous_fish\" title=\"Poisonous fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Poisonous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rough_fish\" title=\"Rough fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Rough<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)\" title=\"Whitefish (fisheries term)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Whitefish<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species\" title=\"List of commercially important fish species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Commerce<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><\/div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_farming\" title=\"Fish farming\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Farming<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carp#Aquaculture\" title=\"Carp\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Carp<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_of_catfish\" title=\"Aquaculture of catfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Catfish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Octopus_aquaculture\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Octopus aquaculture\" target=\"_new\">Octopus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_of_salmonids\" title=\"Aquaculture of salmonids\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Salmonids<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aquaculture_of_tilapia\" title=\"Aquaculture of tilapia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Tilapia<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wild_fisheries\" title=\"Wild fisheries\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wild fisheries<\/a><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predatory_fish\" title=\"Predatory fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Predatory<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billfish\" title=\"Billfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">billfish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mackerel\" title=\"Mackerel\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mackerel<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salmon\" title=\"Salmon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">salmon<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuna\" title=\"Tuna\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tuna<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forage_fish\" title=\"Forage fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Forage<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anchovy\" title=\"Anchovy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">anchovy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herring\" title=\"Herring\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">herring<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sardine\" title=\"Sardine\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sardine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sprat\" title=\"Sprat\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sprats<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demersal_fish\" title=\"Demersal fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Demersal<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cod\" title=\"Cod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cod<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flatfish\" title=\"Flatfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">flatfish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pollock\" title=\"Pollock\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">pollock<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Major groups<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agnatha\" title=\"Agnatha\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Jawless<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hagfish\" title=\"Hagfish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Hagfish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperoartia\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Hyperoartia\" target=\"_new\">Lampreys<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chondrichthyes\" title=\"Chondrichthyes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Cartilaginous<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holocephali\" title=\"Holocephali\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Chimaeras<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shark\" title=\"Shark\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sharks<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batomorphi\" title=\"Batomorphi\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Rays<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osteichthyes\" title=\"Osteichthyes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Bony<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Actinopterygii\" title=\"Actinopterygii\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ray-finned<\/a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teleost\" title=\"Teleost\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Teleost<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarcopterygii\" title=\"Sarcopterygii\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fleshy-finned<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Lists<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lists_of_aquarium_life\" title=\"Lists of aquarium life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Aquarium life<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blind_fish\" title=\"Blind fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Blind<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_fish_by_common_name\" title=\"List of fish by common name\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish common names<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_fish_families\" title=\"List of fish families\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish families<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_ichthyology\" title=\"Glossary of ichthyology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Glossary of ichthyology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_fish\" title=\"List of largest fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Largest<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_smallest_fish\" title=\"List of smallest fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Smallest<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Threatened\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_threatened_rays\" title=\"List of threatened rays\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">rays<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_threatened_sharks\" title=\"List of threatened sharks\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">sharks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish\" title=\"Lists of prehistoric fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Prehistoric<\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span title=\"Category\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Lists_of_fishes\" title=\"Category:Lists of fishes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">more lists...<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"3\"><div>\n<ul><li><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span title=\"Category\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Fish\" title=\"Category:Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Category<\/a><\/b><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span title=\"WikiProject\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/37\/People_icon.svg\/20px-People_icon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span> <b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes\" title=\"Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WikiProject<\/a><\/b><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064\" \/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1353707246\" \/><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers2505\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers2505\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Neotrygon kuhlii<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q950415\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q950415\" target=\"_new\">Q950415<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Neotrygon kuhlii\" target=\"_new\">Neotrygon kuhlii<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Neotrygon_kuhlii\/\" target=\"_new\">Neotrygon_kuhlii<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=180402\" target=\"_new\">180402<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/46W32\" target=\"_new\">46W32<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.ca\/summary\/4508\" target=\"_new\">4508<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2419592\" target=\"_new\">2419592<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/67971\" target=\"_new\">67971<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11699873\" target=\"_new\">11699873<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/116847578\/0\" target=\"_new\">116847578<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/datasets\/taxonomy\/651721\/\" target=\"_new\">651721<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/398330\" target=\"_new\">398330<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=688899\" target=\"_new\">688899<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0031102\" target=\"_new\">t0031102<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=398330\" target=\"_new\">398330<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.codfw.main\u2010797dbf5999\u2010dbj25\nCached time: 20260624205737\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Cite_IUCN (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, prevent\u2010selective\u2010update, show\u2010toc]\nCPU time usage: 0.715 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.873 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 7504\/1000000\nRevision size: 17402\/2097152 bytes\nPost\u2010expand include size: 103145\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 7692\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 20\/100\nExpensive parser function count: 16\/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1\/20\nUnstrip post\u2010expand size: 85368\/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 0.472\/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 13494640\/52428800 bytes\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 14\/500\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00%  775.903      1 -total\n 27.08%  210.097      1 Template:Speciesbox\n 25.52%  198.044      1 Template:Taxobox\/core\n 23.04%  178.777      1 Template:Reflist\n 13.45%  104.323      1 Template:Taxonbar\n  9.27%   71.941      1 Template:Diversity_of_fish\n  9.25%   71.757      2 Template:Navbox\n  8.42%   65.305      1 Template:Cite_iucn\n  6.02%   46.722      1 Template:External_media\n  5.51%   42.766      1 Template:Infobox\n-->\n\n<!-- Render ID 5484c4fa-700f-11f1-a5f9-0d95d67b3fe8 -->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:8422996:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20260624205737 and revision id 1354897482. 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dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Kuhl's maskray<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button 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cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language\"><\/span>\n\n<span>23 languages<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-addsection-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"addsection-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Add topic<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-end\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-user-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet\" id=\"rdp-we-p-dock-bottom\">\n\t<ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><!-- #rdp-we-main -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Genus<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Neotrygon<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Species<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">kuhlii<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":1068,"template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[27],"product_tag":[101,102],"class_list":{"0":"post-149","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-sharks-and-rays","7":"product_tag-bluespotted-maskray","8":"product_tag-kuhls-stingray","10":"first","11":"instock","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"product-type-simple"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Blue-spotted stingray - Moalboal Reef Species<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A 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