{"id":143,"date":"2019-10-21T04:03:40","date_gmt":"2019-10-21T04:03:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pavclients.com\/moalboal\/?post_type=product&#038;p=143"},"modified":"2020-02-25T11:11:10","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T11:11:10","slug":"giant-oceanic-manta-ray","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/reefspecies.com\/moalboal\/species\/giant-oceanic-manta-ray\/","title":{"rendered":"Giant oceanic manta ray"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdp-we-main\" data-resource=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_oceanic_manta_ray\">\n<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-aria-live-region\" class=\"mw-aria-live-region\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"vector-header-container\">\n\t<header class=\"vector-header mw-header no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\"  title=\"Main menu\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Main menu\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu<\/div>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tNavigation\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Main page<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contents<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Current events<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Random article<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>About Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Contact us<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-heading\">\n\t\tContribute\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Help<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Learn to edit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Community portal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Recent changes<\/span><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span>Upload file<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"rdp-we-n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><span>Special pages<\/span><\/li>\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" class=\"mw-logo wiki-link\" target=\"_new\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">\n\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 1.375em;\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg\" width=\"140\" height=\"11\" style=\"width: 8.75em; height: 0.6875em;\">\n\t<\/span>\n<\/a>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-header-end\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">\n\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">\n\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"none\" spellcheck=\"false\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"rdp-we-searchInput\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide\" aria-label=\"Personal tools\">\n\t<div class=\"vector-user-links-main\">\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown\"  title=\"Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Appearance\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/nav>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\"  >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login-2\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"Log in and more options\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Personal tools\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item\"  title=\"User menu\" >\n\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-sitesupport\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><a data-mw-interface href=\"https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" class=\" wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-heart mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-heart\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Donate<\/span><\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-createaccount\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Create account<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-pt-login\" class=\"mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Log in<\/span>\n<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-page-container\">\n\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sitenotice-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-siteNotice\"><!-- CentralNotice --><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-column-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-main-menu-container\">\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">\n\t<div\n\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\"\n\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\"\n\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\"\n\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\"\n\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-toc-unpinned-container\"\n>\n\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents<\/h2>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar<\/button>\n\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"rdp-we-mw-panel-toc-list\">\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-mw-content-text\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"vector-toc-link\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Distribution_and_habitat\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Distribution and habitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Description\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Description<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Description subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Description-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Physical_distinctions\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Physical_distinctions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Physical distinctions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Physical_distinctions-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Brain_size_and_intelligence\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Brain_size_and_intelligence\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Brain size and intelligence<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Brain_size_and_intelligence-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Biology\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Biology<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Biology-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Biology subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Biology-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Reproduction\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Reproduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Reproduction-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relation_to_humans\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Relation_to_humans\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Relation to humans<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls=\"toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Relation to humans subsection<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Relation_to_humans-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Fishery\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Fishery\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Fishery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Fishery-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Pollution\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Pollution\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Pollution<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Pollution-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-Captivity\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Captivity\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4.3<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Captivity<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-Captivity-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-See_also\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#See_also\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>See also<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-See_also-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-References\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#References\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>References<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-References-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links\"\n\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#External_links\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span>External links<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id=\"rdp-we-toc-External_links-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-content-container\">\n\t\t\t<main id=\"rdp-we-content\" class=\"mw-body\">\n\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  title=\"Table of Contents\" >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox\"  aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\"  >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\"  >\n\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages\"   >\n\t<label id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39\" aria-hidden=\"true\"  ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">39 languages<\/span>\n\t<\/label>\n\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"vector-menu-content-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta\" title=\"Manta \u2013 Afrikaans\" lang=\"af\" hreflang=\"af\" data-title=\"Manta\" data-language-autonym=\"Afrikaans\" data-language-local-name=\"Afrikaans\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Afrikaans<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87\" title=\"\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u2013 Egyptian Arabic\" lang=\"arz\" hreflang=\"arz\" data-title=\"\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0647\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649\" data-language-local-name=\"Egyptian Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta\" title=\"Manta \u2013 Azerbaijani\" lang=\"az\" hreflang=\"az\" data-title=\"Manta\" data-language-autonym=\"Az\u0259rbaycanca\" data-language-local-name=\"Azerbaijani\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2013 Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" data-title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\" data-language-local-name=\"Bulgarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_gegant\" title=\"Manta gegant \u2013 Catalan\" lang=\"ca\" hreflang=\"ca\" data-title=\"Manta gegant\" data-language-autonym=\"Catal\u00e0\" data-language-local-name=\"Catalan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Catal\u00e0<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobula_birostris\" title=\"Mobula birostris \u2013 Cebuano\" lang=\"ceb\" hreflang=\"ceb\" data-title=\"Mobula birostris\" data-language-autonym=\"Cebuano\" data-language-local-name=\"Cebuano\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Cebuano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item\" title=\"good article\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_obrovsk%C3%A1\" title=\"Manta obrovsk\u00e1 \u2013 Czech\" lang=\"cs\" hreflang=\"cs\" data-title=\"Manta obrovsk\u00e1\" data-language-autonym=\"\u010ce\u0161tina\" data-language-local-name=\"Czech\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u010ce\u0161tina<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riesenmanta\" title=\"Riesenmanta \u2013 German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" data-title=\"Riesenmanta\" data-language-autonym=\"Deutsch\" data-language-local-name=\"German\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Deutsch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B9_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1\" title=\"\u03a3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u2013 Greek\" lang=\"el\" hreflang=\"el\" data-title=\"\u03a3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" data-language-local-name=\"Greek\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobula_birostris\" title=\"Mobula birostris \u2013 Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Mobula birostris\" data-language-autonym=\"Espa\u00f1ol\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C\" title=\"\u0633\u0641\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u063a\u0648\u0644\u200c\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u2013 Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"\u0633\u0641\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u063a\u0648\u0644\u200c\u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paholaisrausku\" title=\"Paholaisrausku \u2013 Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" data-title=\"Paholaisrausku\" data-language-autonym=\"Suomi\" data-language-local-name=\"Finnish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Suomi<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raie_manta_oc%C3%A9anique\" title=\"Raie manta oc\u00e9anique \u2013 French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Raie manta oc\u00e9anique\" data-language-autonym=\"Fran\u00e7ais\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7\" title=\"\u05de\u05e0\u05d8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e0\u05e7 \u2013 Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"\u05de\u05e0\u05d8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e0\u05e7\" data-language-autonym=\"\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlanti_%C3%B6rd%C3%B6gr%C3%A1ja\" title=\"Atlanti \u00f6rd\u00f6gr\u00e1ja \u2013 Hungarian\" lang=\"hu\" hreflang=\"hu\" data-title=\"Atlanti \u00f6rd\u00f6gr\u00e1ja\" data-language-autonym=\"Magyar\" data-language-local-name=\"Hungarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Magyar<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_birostris\" title=\"Manta birostris \u2013 Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Manta birostris\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Italiano<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4\" title=\"\u30aa\u30cb\u30a4\u30c8\u30de\u30ad\u30a8\u30a4 \u2013 Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"\u30aa\u30cb\u30a4\u30c8\u30de\u30ad\u30a8\u30a4\" data-language-autonym=\"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%A9_manta\" title=\"P\u00e9 manta \u2013 Javanese\" lang=\"jv\" hreflang=\"jv\" data-title=\"P\u00e9 manta\" data-language-autonym=\"Jawa\" data-language-local-name=\"Javanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Jawa<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82)\" title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 (\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442) \u2013 Kazakh\" lang=\"kk\" hreflang=\"kk\" data-title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 (\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442)\" data-language-autonym=\"\u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0448\u0430\" data-language-local-name=\"Kazakh\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0448\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%8C%80%EC%99%95%EC%A5%90%EA%B0%80%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC\" title=\"\ub300\uc655\uc950\uac00\uc624\ub9ac \u2013 Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" data-title=\"\ub300\uc655\uc950\uac00\uc624\ub9ac\" data-language-autonym=\"\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4\" data-language-local-name=\"Korean\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B\" title=\"\u0414\u0435\u04a3\u0438\u0437 \u0434\u04e9\u04e9 \u0448\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u2013 Kyrgyz\" lang=\"ky\" hreflang=\"ky\" data-title=\"\u0414\u0435\u04a3\u0438\u0437 \u0434\u04e9\u04e9 \u0448\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b\" data-language-autonym=\"\u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0447\u0430\" data-language-local-name=\"Kyrgyz\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0447\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risemanta\" title=\"Risemanta \u2013 Luxembourgish\" lang=\"lb\" hreflang=\"lb\" data-title=\"Risemanta\" data-language-autonym=\"L\u00ebtzebuergesch\" data-language-local-name=\"Luxembourgish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>L\u00ebtzebuergesch<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taratra_manta\" title=\"Taratra manta \u2013 Malagasy\" lang=\"mg\" hreflang=\"mg\" data-title=\"Taratra manta\" data-language-autonym=\"Malagasy\" data-language-local-name=\"Malagasy\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Malagasy<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF\" title=\"\u0d2d\u0d40\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d15\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u2013 Malayalam\" lang=\"ml\" hreflang=\"ml\" data-title=\"\u0d2d\u0d40\u0d2e\u0d7b \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d15\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02\" data-language-local-name=\"Malayalam\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuzenmanta\" title=\"Reuzenmanta \u2013 Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Reuzenmanta\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Nederlands<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Djevelskate\" title=\"Djevelskate \u2013 Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l\" lang=\"nb\" hreflang=\"nb\" data-title=\"Djevelskate\" data-language-autonym=\"Norsk bokm\u00e5l\" data-language-local-name=\"Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Norsk bokm\u00e5l<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC_adishish%C3%AD_ntsxaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD\" title=\"\u0141\u00f3\u00f3\u02bc adishish\u00ed ntsxaa\u00edg\u00ed\u00ed \u2013 Navajo\" lang=\"nv\" hreflang=\"nv\" data-title=\"\u0141\u00f3\u00f3\u02bc adishish\u00ed ntsxaa\u00edg\u00ed\u00ed\" data-language-autonym=\"Din\u00e9 bizaad\" data-language-local-name=\"Navajo\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Din\u00e9 bizaad<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_(ryba)\" title=\"Manta (ryba) \u2013 Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Manta (ryba)\" data-language-autonym=\"Polski\" data-language-local-name=\"Polish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Polski<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamanta\" title=\"Jamanta \u2013 Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Jamanta\" data-language-autonym=\"Portugu\u00eas\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Portugu\u00eas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2013 Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" data-title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\" data-language-local-name=\"Russian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_ray\" title=\"Manta ray \u2013 Simple English\" lang=\"en-simple\" hreflang=\"en-simple\" data-title=\"Manta ray\" data-language-autonym=\"Simple English\" data-language-local-name=\"Simple English\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Simple English<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C3%A4ttemanta\" title=\"J\u00e4ttemanta \u2013 Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" data-title=\"J\u00e4ttemanta\" data-language-autonym=\"Svenska\" data-language-local-name=\"Swedish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Svenska<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3\" title=\"\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e41\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e38\u0e17\u0e23 \u2013 Thai\" lang=\"th\" hreflang=\"th\" data-title=\"\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e41\u0e21\u0e19\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e21\u0e38\u0e17\u0e23\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22\" data-language-local-name=\"Thai\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dambuhalang_page\" title=\"Dambuhalang page \u2013 Tagalog\" lang=\"tl\" hreflang=\"tl\" data-title=\"Dambuhalang page\" data-language-autonym=\"Tagalog\" data-language-local-name=\"Tagalog\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Tagalog<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deniz_%C5%9Feytan%C4%B1\" title=\"Deniz \u015feytan\u0131 \u2013 Turkish\" lang=\"tr\" hreflang=\"tr\" data-title=\"Deniz \u015feytan\u0131\" data-language-autonym=\"T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\" data-language-local-name=\"Turkish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0\" title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u2013 Ukrainian\" lang=\"uk\" hreflang=\"uk\" data-title=\"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\" data-language-autonym=\"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430\" data-language-local-name=\"Ukrainian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A1_n%E1%BA%A1ng_h%E1%BA%A3i\" title=\"C\u00e1 n\u1ea1ng h\u1ea3i \u2013 Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"C\u00e1 n\u1ea1ng h\u1ea3i\" data-language-autonym=\"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_birostris\" title=\"Manta birostris \u2013 Waray\" lang=\"war\" hreflang=\"war\" data-title=\"Manta birostris\" data-language-autonym=\"Winaray\" data-language-local-name=\"Waray\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>Winaray<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E9%AC%BC%E8%9D%A0%E9%AD%9F\" title=\"\u9b3c\u8760\u9b5f \u2013 Chinese\" lang=\"zh\" hreflang=\"zh\" data-title=\"\u9b3c\u8760\u9b5f\" data-language-autonym=\"\u4e2d\u6587\" data-language-local-name=\"Chinese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><span>\u4e2d\u6587<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\">Edit links<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar 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class=\"vector-body-before-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-subjectpageheader\">\n<\/div><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Species of cartilaginous fish<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:M._Birostris_swimming_with_a_diver.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/M._Birostris_swimming_with_a_diver.jpg\/250px-M._Birostris_swimming_with_a_diver.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>M. birostris<\/i> swimming with a diver<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The <b>giant oceanic manta ray<\/b>, <b>giant manta ray<\/b>, or <b>oceanic manta ray<\/b> (<i><b>Mobula birostris<\/b><\/i>) is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species\" title=\"Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">species<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batoidea\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Batoidea\" target=\"_new\">ray<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_(taxonomy)\" title=\"Family (taxonomy)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">family<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobulidae\" title=\"Mobulidae\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mobulidae<\/a> and the largest type of ray in the world. It is circumglobal and is typically found in tropical and subtropical waters but can also be found in temperate waters.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-MantaTrust&#95;5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MantaTrust-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Until 2017, the species was classified in the genus <i>Manta<\/i>, along with the smaller <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reef_manta_ray\" title=\"Reef manta ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">reef manta ray<\/a> (<i>Mobula alfredi<\/i>). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA_testing\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"DNA testing\" target=\"_new\">DNA testing<\/a> revealed that both mantas are closer related to some <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobula\" title=\"Mobula\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Mobula<\/a><\/i> species than these are to other <i>Mobula<\/i>, being <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clade\" title=\"Clade\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">claded<\/a> together. As a result, the two <i>Manta<\/i> species were absorbed into <i>Mobula<\/i> to reflect the new classification.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<meta property=\"mw:PageProp\/toc\" \/>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Distribution_and_habitat\">Distribution and habitat<\/h2><\/div>\n<p>The giant oceanic manta ray has a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate waters worldwide. In the Northern Hemisphere, it has been recorded as far north as southern California and New Jersey in the United States, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aomori_Prefecture\" title=\"Aomori Prefecture\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Aomori Prefecture<\/a> in Japan, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinai_Peninsula\" title=\"Sinai Peninsula\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Sinai Peninsula<\/a> in Egypt, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azores\" title=\"Azores\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Azores<\/a> in the northern Atlantic. In the Southern Hemisphere, it occurs as far south as Peru, Uruguay, South Africa, and New Zealand.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-iucn&#95;2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-iucn-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>It is an ocean-going species and spends most of its life far from land, travelling with the currents and migrating to areas where upwellings of nutrient-rich water increase the availability of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zooplankton\" title=\"Zooplankton\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">zooplankton<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The oceanic manta ray is often found in association with offshore oceanic islands.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-stevens&#95;8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stevens-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Description\">Description<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Manta_birostris-Thailand3.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Manta_birostris-Thailand3.jpg\/250px-Manta_birostris-Thailand3.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>M. birostris<\/i> with rolled up cephalic fins and characteristic dorsal coloration (, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand\" title=\"Thailand\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Thailand<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Manta_birostris-Thailand.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Manta_birostris-Thailand.jpg\/250px-Manta_birostris-Thailand.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Side view of <i>M. birostris<\/i> with unfolded cephalic fins (, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thailand\" title=\"Thailand\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Thailand<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The giant oceanic manta ray can grow up to 9&#160;m (30&#160;ft) in length<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and a disc size of 7&#160;m (23&#160;ft) across, with a weight around 3,000&#160;kg (6,600&#160;lb),<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-McClain&#95;11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-McClain-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> but the typical size is 4.5&#160;m (15&#160;ft).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-mantatrust.org&#95;12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mantatrust.org-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It is dorsoventrally flattened and has large, triangular <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pectoral_fins\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Pectoral fins\" target=\"_new\">pectoral fins<\/a> on either side of the disc. \nAt the front, it has a pair of cephalic fins, which are forward extensions of the pectoral fins. These can be rolled up in a spiral for swimming or can be flared out to channel water into the large, forward-pointing, rectangular mouth when the animal is feeding. \nThe teeth are in a band of 18 rows and are restricted to the central part of the lower jaw.\nThe eyes and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spiracle_(vertebrates)\" title=\"Spiracle (vertebrates)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">spiracles<\/a> are on the side of the head behind the cephalic fins, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill_slits\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gill slits\" target=\"_new\">gill slits<\/a> are on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventral\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Ventral\" target=\"_new\">ventral<\/a> (under) surface. It has a small dorsal fin and the tail is long and whip-like. The manta ray does not have a spiny tail, as do the closely related <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobula\" title=\"Mobula\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">devil rays<\/a> (<i>Mobula<\/i> spp.), but has a knob-like bulge at the base of its tail.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-stevens&#95;8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stevens-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The skin is smooth with a scattering of conical and ridge-shaped <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tubercle\" title=\"Tubercle\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tubercles<\/a>. The colouring of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dorsum_(anatomy)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Dorsum (anatomy)\" target=\"_new\">dorsal<\/a> (upper) surface is black, dark brown, or steely blue, sometimes with a few pale spots and usually with a pale edge. The ventral surface is white, sometimes with dark spots and blotches. The markings can often be used to recognise individual fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-flmnh&#95;13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-flmnh-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Physical_distinctions\">Physical distinctions<\/h3><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Giant_Manta_AdF.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Giant_Manta_AdF.jpg\/250px-Giant_Manta_AdF.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Front of a reef manta ray <i>(M. alfredi<\/i>) with closed mouth, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raja_Ampat\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Raja Ampat\" target=\"_new\">Raja Ampat<\/a>, West Papua, Indonesia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i>M. birostris<\/i> is similar in appearance to <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_alfredi\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Manta alfredi\" target=\"_new\">M. alfredi<\/a><\/i>, and the two species may be confused, as their distribution overlaps, but <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_ray#Characteristics\" title=\"Manta ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">distinguishing features<\/a> exist. The oceanic manta ray is larger than the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reef_manta_ray\" title=\"Reef manta ray\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">reef manta ray<\/a>, typically 4.0\u20135.0&#160;m (13.1\u201316.4&#160;ft) compared to 3.0\u20133.5&#160;m (9.8\u201311.5&#160;ft).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> If the observed rays are young, though, their size can easily bring confusion. Only the colour pattern remains an effective way to distinguish them. The reef manta ray has a dark dorsal side with usually two lighter areas on top of the head, looking like a nuanced gradient of its dark dominating back coloration and whitish to greyish, the longitudinal separation between these two lighter areas forms a kind of \"Y\", while for the oceanic manta ray, the dorsal surface is deep dark and the two white areas are well marked without gradient effect. The line of separation between these two white areas forms a \"T\".\n<\/p><p>The two species can also be differentiated by their ventral coloration. The reef manta ray has a white belly often with spots between the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill_slits\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gill slits\" target=\"_new\">branchial gill slits<\/a> and other spots spread across trailing edge of pectoral fins and abdominal region. The oceanic manta ray has also a white ventral coloration with spots clustered around lower region of its abdomen. Its cephalic fins, inside of its mouth and its gill slits, are often black.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Brain_size_and_intelligence\">Brain size and intelligence<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The oceanic manta has the largest brain of any fish, weighing up to 200&#160;g (7.1&#160;oz) (five to ten times larger than a whale shark brain.) Their brains are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rete_mirabile\" title=\"Rete mirabile\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">rete mirabile<\/a>, which warms the blood flowing to the brain, and they are one of the few animals (land or sea) that might pass the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirror_test\" title=\"Mirror test\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mirror test<\/a>, seemingly exhibiting self-awareness.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Biology\">Biology<\/h2><\/div>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Manta_birostris-Thailand6.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/68\/Manta_birostris-Thailand6.jpg\/250px-Manta_birostris-Thailand6.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>M. birostris<\/i> at cleaning station (Ko Hin Daeng, Thailand)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When traveling in deep water, the giant oceanic manta ray swims steadily in a straight line, while further inshore, it usually basks or swims idly. Mantas may travel alone or in groups of up to 50. They sometimes associate with other fish species, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_bird\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Sea bird\" target=\"_new\">sea birds<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_mammal\" title=\"Marine mammal\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">marine mammals<\/a>. About 27% of their diet is based on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filter_feeder\" title=\"Filter feeder\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">filter feeding<\/a>,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Ebert&#95;17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ebert-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> and they  migrate to coastlines to hunt varying types of zooplankton such as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copepod\" title=\"Copepod\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">copepods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mysida\" title=\"Mysida\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mysids<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shrimp\" title=\"Shrimp\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">shrimp<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krill\" title=\"Krill\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">euphausiids<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decapoda\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Decapoda\" target=\"_new\">decapod larvae<\/a>, and on occasion, varying sizes of fish.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> When foraging, it usually swims slowly around its prey, herding the planktonic creatures into a tight group before speeding through the bunched-up organisms with its mouth open wide.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Ebert&#95;17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ebert-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> While feeding, the cephalic fins are spread to channel the prey into its mouth and the small particles are sifted from the water by the tissue between the gill arches. As many as 50 individual rays may gather at a single, plankton-rich feeding site.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-flmnh&#95;13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-flmnh-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Research published in 2016 proved about 73% of their diet is mesopelagic (deep-water) sources including fish. Earlier assumptions about exclusively filter feeding were based on surface observations.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The giant oceanic manta ray sometimes visits a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleaning_station\" title=\"Cleaning station\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cleaning station<\/a> on a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_reef\" title=\"Coral reef\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">coral reef<\/a>, where it adopts a near-stationary position for several minutes while <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleaner_fish\" title=\"Cleaner fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cleaner fish<\/a> consume bits of loose skin and external <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasitism\" title=\"Parasitism\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">parasites<\/a>. Such visits occur most frequently at high <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tide\" title=\"Tide\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tide<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> It does not rest on the seabed as do many <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flat_fish\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Flat fish\" target=\"_new\">flat fish<\/a>, as it needs to swim continuously to channel water over its <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gill\" title=\"Gill\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">gills<\/a> for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Respiratory_system\" title=\"Respiratory system\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">respiration<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Oceanic_Manta.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/18\/Oceanic_Manta.jpg\/250px-Oceanic_Manta.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>M. birostris<\/i> at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socorro_Island\" title=\"Socorro Island\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Socorro Island<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Manta_melanistic.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Manta_melanistic.jpg\/250px-Manta_melanistic.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>M. birostris<\/i> (melanistic) at Socorro Island<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The oceanic manta ray can swim at speeds up to 24&#160;km\/h (15&#160;mph).<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Natural&#95;Predation&#95;22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Natural_Predation-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Because of this speed and its size, it has very few lethal natural predators. Only large sharks  such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiger_shark\" title=\"Tiger shark\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">tiger shark<\/a> (<i>Galeocerdo cuvier<\/i>), the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_hammerhead_shark\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Great hammerhead shark\" target=\"_new\">great hammerhead shark<\/a> (<i>Sphyrna mokarran<\/i>), the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bullshark\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bullshark\" target=\"_new\">bullshark<\/a> (<i>Carcharhinus leucas<\/i>), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dolphin\" title=\"Dolphin\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dolphins<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/False_killer_whale\" title=\"False killer whale\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">false killer whale<\/a> (<i>Pseudorca crassidens<\/i>), and the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Killer_whale\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Killer whale\" target=\"_new\">killer whale<\/a> (<i>Orcinus orca<\/i>) are capable of preying on the ray. Nonlethal shark bites are very common occurrences, with a vast majority of adult individuals bearing the scars of at least one attack.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-The&#95;frequency&#95;and&#95;effect&#95;of&#95;shark-i&#95;23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-The_frequency_and_effect_of_shark-i-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Reproduction\">Reproduction<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>Males become sexually mature when their disc width is about 4&#160;m (13&#160;ft), while females need to be about 5&#160;m (16&#160;ft) wide to breed. When a female is becoming receptive, one or several males may swim along behind her in a \"train\". During <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copulation_(zoology)\" title=\"Copulation (zoology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">copulation<\/a>, one of the males grips the female's pectoral fin with his teeth and they continue to swim with their ventral surfaces in contact. He inserts his <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claspers\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Claspers\" target=\"_new\">claspers<\/a> into her <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloaca\" title=\"Cloaca\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cloaca<\/a>, and these form a tube through which the sperm is pumped. The pair remains coupled for several minutes before going their own way.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Yano&#95;24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Yano-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>The fertilized <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_(biology)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Egg (biology)\" target=\"_new\">eggs<\/a> develop within the female's <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oviduct\" title=\"Oviduct\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">oviduct<\/a>. At first, they are enclosed in an <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)\" title=\"Egg case (Chondrichthyes)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">egg case<\/a> and the developing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embryo\" title=\"Embryo\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">embryos<\/a> feed on the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_yolk\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Egg yolk\" target=\"_new\">yolk<\/a>. After the egg hatches, the pup remains in the oviduct and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histotrophy\" title=\"Histotrophy\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">receives nourishment from a milky secretion<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Marshall&#95;25-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Marshall-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> As it does not have a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Placenta\" title=\"Placenta\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">placental<\/a> connection with its mother, the pup relies on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buccal_pumping\" title=\"Buccal pumping\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">buccal pumping<\/a> to obtain oxygen.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> The brood size is usually one, but occasionally, two embryos develop simultaneously. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gestation_period\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Gestation period\" target=\"_new\">gestation period<\/a> is thought to be 12\u201313 months. When fully developed, the pup is 1.4&#160;m (4&#160;ft 7&#160;in) in disc width, weighs 9&#160;kg (20&#160;lb), and resembles an adult. It is expelled from the oviduct, usually near the coast, and it remains in a shallow-water environment for a few years while it grows.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-flmnh&#95;13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-flmnh-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-Marshall&#95;25-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Marshall-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Females only reproduce every two to three years. Long gestation periods and slow reproduction rates make this species highly vulnerable to shifts in population.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-Relation_to_humans\">Relation to humans<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Fishery\">Fishery<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The oceanic manta ray is considered to be <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)\" title=\"Endangered species (IUCN status)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">endangered<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"IUCN\" target=\"_new\">IUCN<\/a>'s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_List_of_Endangered_Species\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Red List of Endangered Species\" target=\"_new\">Red List of Endangered Species<\/a> because its population has decreased drastically over the last 20 years due to overfishing.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Because <i>M. birostris<\/i> feeds in shallow waters, the risk of them getting caught in fishing equipment is higher, especially in surface drift gillnets and bottom set nets.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> Whatever the type of fishing (artisanal, targeted, or bycatch), the impact on a population with a low fecundity rate, a long gestation period with mainly a single pup at a time, and a late sexual maturity can only be seriously detrimental to a species that cannot compensate for the losses over several decades.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:0&#95;27-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p>Since the 1970s,<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:1&#95;29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> fishing for manta rays has been significantly boosted by the price of their gill rakers on the traditional Chinese medicine market.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In Chinese culture, they are the main ingredient in a tonic that is marketed to increase immune system function and blood circulation, though no strong evidence supports that the tonic is actually beneficial to health. For this reason and others, gill rakers are sold at relatively high prices \u2013 up to $400 per kilogram \u2013 and are sold under the trade name <i>pengyusai<\/i>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-:1&#95;29-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> In June 2018, the New Zealand <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)\" title=\"Department of Conservation (New Zealand)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Department of Conservation<\/a> classified the giant oceanic manta ray as \"data deficient\" with the qualifier \"threatened overseas\" under the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_Threat_Classification_System\" title=\"New Zealand Threat Classification System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">New Zealand Threat Classification System<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-32\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Pollution\">Pollution<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>The threat of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microplastics\" title=\"Microplastics\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">microplastics<\/a> also exists in the diets of oceanic manta rays. A 2019 study in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coral_Triangle\" title=\"Coral Triangle\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Indonesia's Coral Triangle<\/a> was performed to determine if the filter-feeding <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megafauna\" title=\"Megafauna\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">megafauna<\/a> of the area were accidentally ingesting microplastics, which can be eaten by filter-feeders either directly (by ingesting layers of plastic polymers that float on the surface of the water in feeding areas) or indirectly (by eating <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plankton\" title=\"Plankton\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">plankton<\/a> that previously ate microplastics). The results of the study provided ample evidence that filter feeders, such as oceanic manta rays, that lived in the area were regularly consuming microplastics. Though it was also proven via stool samples that some of the plastic simply passed through the digestive systems of manta rays, the discovery is a concern because microplastics create sinks for persistent organic pollutants such as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DDT\" title=\"DDT\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon\" title=\"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons<\/a>. Manta rays that consume microplastics harboring these pollutants can suffer from a variety of health effects that range from short-term negative effects such as the reduction of bacteria in their guts, or long-term effects including pollutant-induced weakening of the population's <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fitness_(biology)\" title=\"Fitness (biology)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">reproductive fitness<\/a> over future generations, which could negatively affect population levels of the rays in the future.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-33\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-33\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p><p><i>M. birostris<\/i> rays are also victims of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bioaccumulation\" title=\"Bioaccumulation\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">bioaccumulation<\/a> in certain regions. At least one study has shown how heavy metals such as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arsenic\" title=\"Arsenic\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">arsenic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cadmium\" title=\"Cadmium\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">cadmium<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercury_(element)\" title=\"Mercury (element)\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">mercury<\/a> can be introduced to the marine environment by pollution and can travel up the trophic chain. For example, a study in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghana\" title=\"Ghana\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Ghana<\/a> involving the testing of tissue samples from six <i>M. birostris<\/i> carcasses showed evidence of high concentrations of arsenic and mercury (about 0.155\u20132.321 \u03bcg\/g and 0.001\u20130.006 \u03bcg\/g, respectively). While the sample size was low, it is a first step towards further understanding the true amount of bioaccumulation that <i>M. birostris<\/i> undergoes due to human pollution. These high levels of metals can cause harm to the people who consume <i>M. birostris<\/i> and could also cause health problems for the <i>M. birostris<\/i> species itself.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-34\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Thumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Okinawa_Giant_oceanic_manta_ray.png\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Okinawa_Giant_oceanic_manta_ray.png\/250px-Okinawa_Giant_oceanic_manta_ray.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"167\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><figcaption><i>M. birostris<\/i> at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Churaumi_Aquarium\" title=\"Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"rdp-we-Captivity\">Captivity<\/h3><\/div>\n<p>A few public aquariums have giant manta rays in captivity. Since 2009, captive manta rays have been classified as <i>\u13b7. alfredi.<\/i><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">[<i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)\">citation needed<\/span><\/a><\/i>]<\/sup> \n<\/p><p>Since 2018, <i>\u13b7. birostris<\/i> has been exhibited at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nausica%C3%A1_Centre_National_de_la_Mer\" title=\"Nausica\u00e1 Centre National de la Mer\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Nausica\u00e1 Centre National de la Mer<\/a> in France and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okinawa_Churaumi_Aquarium\" title=\"Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium<\/a> in Japan.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>35<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> There are also reports that they were kept at the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_Life_Park\" title=\"Marine Life Park\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Marine Life Park<\/a>, part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resorts_World_Sentosa\" title=\"Resorts World Sentosa\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Resorts World Sentosa<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Singapore\" title=\"Singapore\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Singapore<\/a>.<sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>37<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>38<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-See_also\">See also<\/h2><\/div>\n<ul role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portalbox portalborder portalright\">\n<li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><span><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Antennarius_striatus.jpg\/40px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"20\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Fish\" title=\"Portal:Fish\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Fish portal<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"icon\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg\/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"22\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Animals\" title=\"Portal:Animals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Animals portal<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><span class=\"noviewer\" typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description wiki-link\" target=\"_new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"icon\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2d\/Issoria_lathonia.jpg\/40px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"23\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Biology\" title=\"Portal:Biology\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Biology portal<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Threatened_rays\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Threatened rays\" target=\"_new\">Threatened rays<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\" class=\"\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-References\">References<\/h2><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFSepkoski2002\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Sepkoski, Jack (2002). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120510170834\/http:\/\/strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/jack\/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class\" target=\"_new\">\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)\"<\/a>. <i>Bulletins of American Paleontology<\/i>. <b>364<\/b>: 560. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu\/jack\/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2012-05-10<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2008-01-09<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletins+of+American+Paleontology&amp;rft.atitle=A+compendium+of+fossil+marine+animal+genera+%28Chondrichthyes+entry%29&amp;rft.volume=364&amp;rft.pages=560&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Sepkoski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu%2Fjack%2Fshowgenera.php%3Ftaxon%3D575%26rank%3Dclass&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-iucn-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-iucn_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMarshall,&#95;A.Barreto,&#95;R.Carlson,&#95;J.Fernando,&#95;D.2022\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Marshall, A.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Derrick, D.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Rigby, C.L.; Romanov, E. (2022) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/198921\/214397182\" target=\"_new\">\"<i>Mobula birostris<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species<\/a><\/i>. <b>2022<\/b> e.T198921A214397182. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T198921A214397182.en\" target=\"_new\">10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T198921A214397182.en<\/a><\/span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 May<\/span> 2023<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&amp;rft.atitle=Mobula+birostris&amp;rft.volume=2022&amp;rft.artnum=e.T198921A214397182&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T198921A214397182.en&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Barreto%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Fernando%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Fordham%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Francis%2C+M.P.&amp;rft.au=Derrick%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Herman%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Jabado%2C+R.W.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+K.M.&amp;rft.au=Rigby%2C+C.L.&amp;rft.au=Romanov%2C+E.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F198921%2F214397182&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/cites.org\/eng\/app\/appendices.php\" target=\"_new\">\"Appendices | CITES\"<\/a>. <i>cites.org<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2022-01-14<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cites.org&amp;rft.atitle=Appendices+%7C+CITES&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fcites.org%2Feng%2Fapp%2Fappendices.php&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFBailly\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Bailly N (ed.). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1026118\" target=\"_new\">\"Mobula birostris (Walbaum, 1792)\"<\/a>. <i><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a><\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2025-12-15<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=FishBase&amp;rft.atitle=Mobula+birostris+%28Walbaum%2C+1792%29&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D1026118&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-MantaTrust-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-MantaTrust_5-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130103083708\/http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/about-mantas\/mantas-at-a-glance\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Mantas at a Glance\"<\/a>. The Manta Trust. 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/about-mantas\/mantas-at-a-glance\/\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2013-01-03<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2012-04-04<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mantas+at+a+Glance&amp;rft.pub=The+Manta+Trust&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mantatrust.org%2Fabout-mantas%2Fmantas-at-a-glance%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFWhiteCorriganYangHenderson2018\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">White, William T; Corrigan, Shannon; Yang, Lei; Henderson, Aaron C; Bazinet, Adam L; Swofford, David L; Naylor, Gavin J P (2018-01-01). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlx018\" target=\"_new\">\"Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family\"<\/a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/i>. <b>182<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">50\u2013<\/span>75. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlx018\" target=\"_new\">10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlx018<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+manta+and+devilrays+%28Chondrichthyes%3A+Mobulidae%29%2C+with+an+updated+taxonomic+arrangement+for+the+family&amp;rft.volume=182&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=50-75&amp;rft.date=2018-01-01&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlx018&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=William+T&amp;rft.au=Corrigan%2C+Shannon&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+Lei&amp;rft.au=Henderson%2C+Aaron+C&amp;rft.au=Bazinet%2C+Adam+L&amp;rft.au=Swofford%2C+David+L&amp;rft.au=Naylor%2C+Gavin+J+P&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fzoolinnean%252Fzlx018&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLuiz&#95;Jr,&#95;O.&#95;J.Balboni,&#95;A.&#95;P.Kodja,&#95;G.Andrade,&#95;M.2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Luiz Jr, O. J.; Balboni, A. P.; Kodja, G.; Andrade, M.; Marum, H. (2009). \"Seasonal occurrences of <i>Manta birostris<\/i> (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) in southeastern Brazil\". <i>Ichthyological Research<\/i>. <b>56<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">96\u2013<\/span>99. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009IchtR..56...96L\" target=\"_new\">2009IchtR..56...96L<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2Fs10228-008-0060-3\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/s10228-008-0060-3<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1616-3915\" target=\"_new\">1616-3915<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:38384569\" target=\"_new\">38384569<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ichthyological+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Seasonal+occurrences+of+Manta+birostris+%28Chondrichthyes%3A+Mobulidae%29+in+southeastern+Brazil&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=96-99&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10228-008-0060-3&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38384569%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1616-3915&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009IchtR..56...96L&amp;rft.au=Luiz+Jr%2C+O.+J.&amp;rft.au=Balboni%2C+A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Kodja%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Andrade%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Marum%2C+H.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-stevens-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-stevens_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-stevens_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Stevens, Guy (2011) <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/Field-Guide-to-the-Identification-of-Mobulid-Rays-Indo-West-Pacific.pdf\" target=\"_new\">\"Field guide to the identification of Mobulid rays (Mobulidae)\"<\/a> <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161020044125\/http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/Field-Guide-to-the-Identification-of-Mobulid-Rays-Indo-West-Pacific.pdf\" target=\"_new\">Archived<\/a> 2016-10-20 at the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wayback Machine<\/a>. Manta Trust.<\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFPimientoCantalapiedraShimadaField2019\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Pimiento, C.; Cantalapiedra, J.L.; Shimada, K.; Field, D.J.; Smaers, J.B. 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University of California Press. pp.&#160;<span class=\"nowrap\">230\u2013<\/span>233. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>0-520-22265-2<\/bdi>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sharks%2C+Rays+and+Chimaeras+of+California&amp;rft.pages=230-233&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-22265-2&amp;rft.au=Ebert%2C+D.+A.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFFisheries2021\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fisheries, NOAA (2021-10-21). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/species\/giant-manta-ray\" target=\"_new\">\"Giant Manta Ray | NOAA Fisheries\"<\/a>. <i>NOAA<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2021-11-11<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NOAA&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+Manta+Ray+%7C+NOAA+Fisheries&amp;rft.date=2021-10-21&amp;rft.aulast=Fisheries&amp;rft.aufirst=NOAA&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov%2Fspecies%2Fgiant-manta-ray&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-11-giant-rays-shown-predators-deep.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Giant rays shown to be predators of the deep\"<\/a>. <i>phys.org<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 February<\/span> 2019<\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=phys.org&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+rays+shown+to+be+predators+of+the+deep&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2016-11-giant-rays-shown-predators-deep.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFJaine,&#95;Fabrice&#95;R.&#95;A.Couturier,&#95;Lydie&#95;I.&#95;E.Weeks,&#95;Scarla&#95;J.Townsend,&#95;Kathy&#95;A.2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Jaine, Fabrice R. A.; Couturier, Lydie I. E.; Weeks, Scarla J.; Townsend, Kathy A.; Bennett, Michael B.; Fiora, Kym; Richardson, Anthony J. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3463571\" target=\"_new\">\"When giants turn up: sighting trends, environmental influences and habitat use of the manta ray <i>Manta alfredi<\/i> at a coral reef\"<\/a>. <i>PLOS ONE<\/i>. <b>7<\/b> (10) e46170. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2012PLoSO...746170J\" target=\"_new\">2012PLoSO...746170J<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0046170\" target=\"_new\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0046170<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3463571\" target=\"_new\">3463571<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23056255\" target=\"_new\">23056255<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=When+giants+turn+up%3A+sighting+trends%2C+environmental+influences+and+habitat+use+of+the+manta+ray+Manta+alfredi+at+a+coral+reef&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.artnum=e46170&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3463571%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F23056255&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0046170&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...746170J&amp;rft.au=Jaine%2C+Fabrice+R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Couturier%2C+Lydie+I.+E.&amp;rft.au=Weeks%2C+Scarla+J.&amp;rft.au=Townsend%2C+Kathy+A.&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+Michael+B.&amp;rft.au=Fiora%2C+Kym&amp;rft.au=Richardson%2C+Anthony+J.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3463571&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span> <span style=\"position:relative; top: -2px;\"><span typeof=\"mw:File\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_access\" title=\"open access publication \u2013 free to read\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Open access icon\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg\/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"9\" height=\"14\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDeakos,&#95;M.2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Deakos, M. (2010). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fab00258\" target=\"_new\">\"Paired-laser photogrammetry as a simple and accurate system for measuring the body size of free-ranging manta rays <i>Manta alfredi<\/i>\"<\/a>. <i>Aquatic Biology<\/i>. <b>10<\/b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">1\u2013<\/span>10. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010AquaB..10....1D\" target=\"_new\">2010AquaB..10....1D<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354%2Fab00258\" target=\"_new\">10.3354\/ab00258<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Paired-laser+photogrammetry+as+a+simple+and+accurate+system+for+measuring+the+body+size+of+free-ranging+manta+rays+Manta+alfredi&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fab00258&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010AquaB..10....1D&amp;rft.au=Deakos%2C+M.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fab00258&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Natural&#95;Predation-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Natural_Predation_22-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150711092357\/http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/threats\/natural-predation\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Natural Predation\"<\/a>. Manta Trust. Archived from <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/threats\/natural-predation\/\" target=\"_new\">the original<\/a> on 2015-07-11<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-12-15<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Natural+Predation&amp;rft.pub=Manta+Trust&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mantatrust.org%2Fthreats%2Fnatural-predation%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-The&#95;frequency&#95;and&#95;effect&#95;of&#95;shark-i-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-The_frequency_and_effect_of_shark-i_23-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMarshallBennett2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Marshall, A D; Bennett, M B (2010). \"The frequency and effect of shark-inflicted bite injuries to the reef manta ray <i>Manta alfredi<\/i>\". <i>African Journal of Marine Science<\/i>. <b>32<\/b> (3): 573. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010AfJMS..32..573M\" target=\"_new\">2010AfJMS..32..573M<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2989%2F1814232X.2010.538152\" target=\"_new\">10.2989\/1814232X.2010.538152<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:83559215\" target=\"_new\">83559215<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+frequency+and+effect+of+shark-inflicted+bite+injuries+to+the+reef+manta+ray+Manta+alfredi&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=573&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83559215%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2989%2F1814232X.2010.538152&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010AfJMS..32..573M&amp;rft.aulast=Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=A+D&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+M+B&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Yano-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Yano_24-0\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFYano,&#95;K.Sato,&#95;F.Takahashi,&#95;T.1999\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Yano, K.; Sato, F.; Takahashi, T. (1999). \"Observations of mating behavior of the manta ray, <i>Manta birostris<\/i>, at the Ogasawara Islands, Japan\". <i>Ichthyological Research<\/i>. <b>46<\/b> (3): <span class=\"nowrap\">289\u2013<\/span>296. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1999IchtR..46..289Y\" target=\"_new\">1999IchtR..46..289Y<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007%2FBF02678515\" target=\"_new\">10.1007\/BF02678515<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:46133983\" target=\"_new\">46133983<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ichthyological+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Observations+of+mating+behavior+of+the+manta+ray%2C+Manta+birostris%2C+at+the+Ogasawara+Islands%2C+Japan&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=289-296&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46133983%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02678515&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999IchtR..46..289Y&amp;rft.au=Yano%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Takahashi%2C+T.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-Marshall-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Marshall_25-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Marshall_25-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFMarshall,&#95;A.&#95;D.Bennett,&#95;M.&#95;B.2010\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Marshall, A. D.; Bennett, M. B. (2010). \"Reproductive ecology of the reef manta ray <i>Manta alfredi<\/i> in southern Mozambique\". <i>Journal of Fish Biology<\/i>. <b>77<\/b> (1): <span class=\"nowrap\">185\u2013<\/span>186. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010JFBio..77..169M\" target=\"_new\">2010JFBio..77..169M<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2010.02669.x\" target=\"_new\">10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02669.x<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20646146\" target=\"_new\">20646146<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Reproductive+ecology+of+the+reef+manta+ray+Manta+alfredi+in+southern+Mozambique&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=185-186&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F20646146&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2010.02669.x&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JFBio..77..169M&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+A.+D.&amp;rft.au=Bennett%2C+M.+B.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFTomita,&#95;T.Toda,&#95;M.Ueda,&#95;K.Uchida,&#95;S.2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Tomita, T.; Toda, M.; Ueda, K.; Uchida, S.; Nakaya, K. (2012). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3440971\" target=\"_new\">\"Live-bearing manta ray: how the embryo acquires oxygen without placenta and umbilical cord\"<\/a>. <i>Biology Letters<\/i>. <b>8<\/b> (5): <span class=\"nowrap\">721\u2013<\/span>724. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsbl.2012.0288\" target=\"_new\">10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0288<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMC<\/a>&#160;<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3440971\" target=\"_new\">3440971<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">PMID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22675137\" target=\"_new\">22675137<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Live-bearing+manta+ray%3A+how+the+embryo+acquires+oxygen+without+placenta+and+umbilical+cord&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=721-724&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440971%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Apmid%2F22675137&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2012.0288&amp;rft.au=Tomita%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Toda%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Ueda%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Uchida%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Nakaya%2C+K.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440971&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-:0-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_27-0\"><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_27-1\"><sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130127060340\/http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/threats\/manta-fisheries\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Manta Fisheries\"<\/a>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2016-12-15<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Manta+Fisheries&amp;rft.pub=Manta+Trust&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mantatrust.org%2Fthreats%2Fmanta-fisheries%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFAndrzejaczekSchallertForsbergArnoldi2021\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Andrzejaczek, Samantha; Schallert, Robert J.; Forsberg, Kerstin; Arnoldi, Natalie S.; Cabanillas-Torpoco, Mariano; Purizaca, Wilmer; Block, Barbara A. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2021-12-03<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IUCN&amp;rft.atitle=Turning+the+tide+for+devil+rays&amp;rft.date=2017-03-30&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fnews%2Fspecies%2F201703%2Fturning-tide-devil-rays&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161025233414\/http:\/\/www.mantatrust.org\/threats\/gill-plate-trade\/\" target=\"_new\">\"Gill Plate Trade\"<\/a>. Manta Trust. 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(2017). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Faqc.2670\" target=\"_new\">\"Characterization of the trade in manta and devil ray gill plates in China and South-east Asia through trader surveys\"<\/a>. <i>Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems<\/i>. <b>27<\/b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">394\u2013<\/span>413. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017ACMFE..27..394O\" target=\"_new\">2017ACMFE..27..394O<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Faqc.2670\" target=\"_new\">10.1002\/aqc.2670<\/a><\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISSN<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1099-0755\" target=\"_new\">1099-0755<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Conservation%3A+Marine+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems&amp;rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+trade+in+manta+and+devil+ray+gill+plates+in+China+and+South-east+Asia+through+trader+surveys&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=394-413&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.issn=1099-0755&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faqc.2670&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ACMFE..27..394O&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Malley&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+p&amp;rft.au=Townsend%2C+Kathy+A.&amp;rft.au=Hilton%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=Heinrichs%2C+Shawn&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+Joshua+D.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Faqc.2670&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-32\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFDuffyFrancisDunnFinucci2018\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.doc.govt.nz\/globalassets\/documents\/science-and-technical\/nztcs23entire.pdf\" target=\"_new\"><i>Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016<\/i><\/a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)<\/span>. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p.&#160;10. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">ISBN<\/a>&#160;<bdi>978-1-988514-62-8<\/bdi>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">OCLC<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/1042901090\" target=\"_new\">1042901090<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Conservation+status+of+New+Zealand+chondrichthyans+%28chimaeras%2C+sharks+and+rays%29%2C+2016&amp;rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=Department+of+Conservation&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042901090&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-988514-62-8&amp;rft.aulast=Duffy&amp;rft.aufirst=Clinton+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Francis%2C+Malcolm&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C+M.+R.&amp;rft.au=Finucci%2C+Brit&amp;rft.au=Ford%2C+Richard&amp;rft.au=Hitchmough%2C+Rod&amp;rft.au=Rolfe%2C+Jeremy&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fglobalassets%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2Fnztcs23entire.pdf&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFGermanovMarshallHendrawanAdmiraal2019\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Germanov, Elitza S.; Marshall, Andrea D.; Hendrawan, I. 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(2019). <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00679\" target=\"_new\">\"Microplastics on the Menu: Plastics Pollute Indonesian Manta Ray and Whale Shark Feeding Grounds\"<\/a>. <i>Frontiers in Marine Science<\/i>. <b>6<\/b> 679. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2019FrMaS...6..679G\" target=\"_new\">2019FrMaS...6..679G<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00679\" target=\"_new\">10.3389\/fmars.2019.00679<\/a><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Microplastics+on+the+Menu%3A+Plastics+Pollute+Indonesian+Manta+Ray+and+Whale+Shark+Feeding+Grounds&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.artnum=679&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00679&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019FrMaS...6..679G&amp;rft.aulast=Germanov&amp;rft.aufirst=Elitza+S.&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+Andrea+D.&amp;rft.au=Hendrawan%2C+I.+Gede&amp;rft.au=Admiraal%2C+Ryan&amp;rft.au=Rohner%2C+Christoph+A.&amp;rft.au=Argeswara%2C+Janis&amp;rft.au=Wulandari%2C+Raka&amp;rft.au=Himawan%2C+Mahardika+R.&amp;rft.au=Loneragan%2C+Neil+R.&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2019.00679&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-34\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFEssumang2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Essumang, D. K. (2009-10-01). \"Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury in <i>Manta birostris<\/i> (Manta Ray) Caught Along the Ghanaian Coastline\". <i>Human and Ecological Risk Assessment<\/i>. <b>15<\/b> (5): <span class=\"nowrap\">985\u2013<\/span>998. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">Bibcode<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2009HERA...15..985E\" target=\"_new\">2009HERA...15..985E<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">doi<\/a>:<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F10807030903153451\" target=\"_new\">10.1080\/10807030903153451<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\" target=\"_new\">S2CID<\/a>&#160;<a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:83551624\" target=\"_new\">83551624<\/a>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+and+Ecological+Risk+Assessment&amp;rft.atitle=Analysis+and+Human+Health+Risk+Assessment+of+Arsenic%2C+Cadmium%2C+and+Mercury+in+Manta+birostris+%28Manta+Ray%29+Caught+Along+the+Ghanaian+Coastline&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=985-998&amp;rft.date=2009-10-01&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83551624%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10807030903153451&amp;rft&#95;id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009HERA...15..985E&amp;rft.aulast=Essumang&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+K.&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nausicaa.fr\/fiches-animaux\/la-grande-raie-manta\/\" target=\"_new\">\"LA GRANDE RAIE-MANTA\"<\/a>. Nausica\u00e4 Centre National de la Mer<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2021-12-29<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=LA+GRANDE+RAIE-MANTA&amp;rft.pub=Nausica%C3%A4+Centre+National+de+la+Mer&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nausicaa.fr%2Ffiches-animaux%2Fla-grande-raie-manta%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/churaumi.okinawa\/fishbook\/1543394214\/\" target=\"_new\">\"\u30aa\u30cb\u30a4\u30c8\u30de\u30ad\u30a8\u30a4\"<\/a>. \u7f8e\u3089\u6d77\u751f\u304d\u7269\u56f3\u9451<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2021-12-29<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4&amp;rft.pub=%E7%BE%8E%E3%82%89%E6%B5%B7%E7%94%9F%E3%81%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%B3%E9%91%91&amp;rft&#95;id=https%3A%2F%2Fchuraumi.okinawa%2Ffishbook%2F1543394214%2F&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite id=\"rdp-we-CITEREFLong\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Long, Wong Lee. <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/singapore-academy.org\/index.php\/en\/education\/library-media-center\/places-to-visit-tourist-attractions-of-singapore\/item\/260-marine-life-park-singapore\" target=\"_new\">\"Singapore Academy of Corporate Management - Singapore Marine Life Park\"<\/a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2018-01-09<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+Academy+of+Corporate+Management+-+Singapore+Marine+Life+Park&amp;rft.aulast=Long&amp;rft.aufirst=Wong+Lee&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fsingapore-academy.org%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Feducation%2Flibrary-media-center%2Fplaces-to-visit-tourist-attractions-of-singapore%2Fitem%2F260-marine-life-park-singapore&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"rdp-we-cite&#95;note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^<\/a><\/b><\/span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106\" \/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marinabaysands.com\/singapore-visitors-guide\/places-to-visit-in-singapore\/top5-things-to-do-on-sentosa-island.html\" target=\"_new\">\"Top 5 Things to Do on Sentosa Island\"<\/a>. <i>www.marinabaysands.com<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2018-01-09<\/span><\/span>.<\/cite><span title=\"ctx&#95;ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft&#95;val&#95;fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.marinabaysands.com&amp;rft.atitle=Top+5+Things+to+Do+on+Sentosa+Island&amp;rft&#95;id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinabaysands.com%2Fsingapore-visitors-guide%2Fplaces-to-visit-in-singapore%2Ftop5-things-to-do-on-sentosa-island.html&amp;rfr&#95;id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiant+oceanic+manta+ray\" class=\"Z3988\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"rdp-we-External_links\">External links<\/h2><\/div>\n<ul><li>Photos of <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/sealifecollection.org\/taxon\/1026118\" target=\"_new\">Giant oceanic manta ray<\/a> in the Sealife Collection<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Taxon&#95;identifiers7236\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Taxon&#95;identifiers7236\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Taxon_identifiers\" title=\"Help:Taxon identifiers\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Taxon identifiers<\/a><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Mobula birostris<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q321976\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q321976\" target=\"_new\">Q321976<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Mobula_birostris\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Mobula birostris\" target=\"_new\">Mobula birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Mobula_birostris\" target=\"_new\">Mobula_birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System\" title=\"Barcode of Life Data System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">BOLD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/bench.boldsystems.org\/index.php\/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=16870\" target=\"_new\">16870<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/73N5T\" target=\"_new\">73N5T<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals\" title=\"Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.int\/en\/species\/mobula-birostris\" target=\"_new\">mobula-birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Nature_Information_System\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"European Nature Information System\" target=\"_new\">EUNIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eunis.eea.europa.eu\/species\/439769\" target=\"_new\">439769<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FishBase\" title=\"FishBase\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">FishBase<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fishbase.ca\/summary\/2061\" target=\"_new\">2061<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/9548142\" target=\"_new\">9548142<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/623966\" target=\"_new\">623966<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IUCN_Red_List\" title=\"IUCN Red List\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IUCN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/details\/198921\/0\" target=\"_new\">198921<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NatureServe\" title=\"NatureServe\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NatureServe<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/explorer.natureserve.org\/Taxon\/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.965348\/\" target=\"_new\">2.965348<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Taxonomy\/Browser\/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1983395\" target=\"_new\">1983395<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service\" title=\"National Marine Fisheries Service\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NOAA<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/species\/giant-manta-ray\" target=\"_new\">giant-manta-ray<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/906558\/\" target=\"_new\">906558<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System\" title=\"Ocean Biodiversity Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">OBIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/1026118\" target=\"_new\">1026118<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Tree_of_Life\" title=\"Open Tree of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Open Tree of Life<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/tree.opentreeoflife.org\/taxonomy\/browse?id=920351\" target=\"_new\">920351<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CITES\" title=\"CITES\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Species+<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/speciesplus.net\/#\/taxon_concepts\/101410\" target=\"_new\">101410<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1026118\" target=\"_new\">1026118<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Manta birostris<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q138478683\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q138478683\" target=\"_new\">Q138478683<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikispecies\" title=\"Wikispecies\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikispecies<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/species.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Manta_birostris\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikispecies:Manta birostris\" target=\"_new\">Manta birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_Diversity_Web\" title=\"Animal Diversity Web\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ADW<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/animaldiversity.org\/accounts\/Manta_birostris\/\" target=\"_new\">Manta_birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Faunal_Directory\" title=\"Australian Faunal Directory\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">AFD<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/biodiversity.org.au\/afd\/taxa\/Manta_birostris\" target=\"_new\">Manta_birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/3XW6Q\" target=\"_new\">3XW6Q<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals\" title=\"Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cms.int\/en\/species\/manta-birostris\" target=\"_new\">manta-birostris<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EPPO_Code\" title=\"EPPO Code\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">EPPO<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/gd.eppo.int\/taxon\/MNTABI\" target=\"_new\">MNTABI<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Nature_Information_System\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"European Nature Information System\" target=\"_new\">EUNIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eunis.eea.europa.eu\/species\/124390\" target=\"_new\">124390<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/2419163\" target=\"_new\">2419163<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/INaturalist\" title=\"INaturalist\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">iNaturalist<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/inaturalist.org\/taxa\/49695\" target=\"_new\">49695<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10148873\" target=\"_new\">10148873<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System\" title=\"Integrated Taxonomic Information System\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">ITIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.itis.gov\/servlet\/SingleRpt\/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=160992\" target=\"_new\">160992<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Biodiversity_Network\" title=\"National Biodiversity Network\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NBN<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/species.nbnatlas.org\/species\/NHMSYS0020552657\" target=\"_new\">NHMSYS0020552657<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information\" title=\"National Center for Biotechnology Information\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">NCBI<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Taxonomy\/Browser\/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1983395\" target=\"_new\">1983395<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation.org\" title=\"Observation.org\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Observation.org<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/observation.org\/species\/186380\/\" target=\"_new\">186380<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CITES\" title=\"CITES\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Species+<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/speciesplus.net\/#\/taxon_concepts\/11277\" target=\"_new\">11277<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"zh:\u81fa\u7063\u7269\u7a2e\u540d\u9304\" target=\"_new\">TaiCOL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/taicol.tw\/taxon\/t0028061\" target=\"_new\">t0028061<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105857\" target=\"_new\">105857<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: left;\"><i>Raja birostris<\/i><\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikidata\" title=\"Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Wikidata<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"external\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q56055048\" class=\"extiw wiki-link\" title=\"wikidata:Q56055048\" target=\"_new\">Q56055048<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalogue_of_Life\" title=\"Catalogue of Life\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">CoL<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.catalogueoflife.org\/data\/taxon\/6WRMR\" target=\"_new\">6WRMR<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Nature_Information_System\" class=\"mw-redirect wiki-link\" title=\"European Nature Information System\" target=\"_new\">EUNIS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/eunis.eea.europa.eu\/species\/120706\" target=\"_new\">120706<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility\" title=\"Global Biodiversity Information Facility\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">GBIF<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/5215750\" target=\"_new\">5215750<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera\" title=\"Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">IRMNG<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.irmng.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10157087\" target=\"_new\">10157087<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Register_of_Marine_Species\" title=\"World Register of Marine Species\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">WoRMS<\/a>: <span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=298864\" target=\"_new\">298864<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064\" \/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1353707246\" \/><\/div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-labelledby=\"Authority&#95;control&#95;databases&#95;frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q321976#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata644\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"rdp-we-Authority&#95;control&#95;databases&#95;frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q321976#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit&#95;this&#95;at&#95;Wikidata644\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\">Authority control databases<\/a> <span class=\"mw-valign-text-top noprint\" typeof=\"mw:File\/Frameless\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q321976#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" target=\"_new\" class=\"wiki-link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" class=\"mw-file-element\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/th><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">National<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/sh96002209\" target=\"_new\">United States<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007544293805171\" target=\"_new\">Israel<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other<\/th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"><ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/14e532fc-683d-42b4-b2ae-f30305d68a56\" target=\"_new\">Yale LUX<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw\u2010web.codfw.main\u2010f6459cd79\u2010bv585\nCached time: 20260603171145\nCache expiry: 2592000\nCache expiry source: Module:Citation\/CS1 (os.date(%Y))\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\u2010revision\u2010sha1, prevent\u2010selective\u2010update, show\u2010toc]\nCPU time usage: 1.078 seconds\nReal time usage: 1.307 seconds\nPreprocessor 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Template:Geological_range\n-->\n\n<!-- Render ID 4c38e338-5f6f-11f1-af4f-37ae7b569355 -->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:35527613:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20260603171145 and revision id 1357471216. Rendering was triggered because: page_view\n -->\n<\/div><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"><\/noscript>\n<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">source:  <a rel=\"external_link\" class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_oceanic_manta_ray\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giant_oceanic_manta_ray<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"mw-footer-container\">\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div> \n<div class=\"vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container no-font-mode-scale\">\n\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header\" class=\"vector-sticky-header\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-start\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Search<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<div role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue  vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<form action=\"\/w\/index.php\" id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-search-form\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\"  data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input mw-searchInput\" autocomplete=\"off\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar\">\n\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Contents\" class=\"vector-toc-landmark\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"rdp-we-vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left\"  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" 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class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Giant oceanic manta ray<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-end\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-history-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"history-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-watchstar-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"watch-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock\"><\/span>\n\n<span><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector\" id=\"rdp-we-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language\"><\/span>\n\n<span>39 languages<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive\" id=\"rdp-we-ca-addsection-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"addsection-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive\"><\/span>\n\n<span>Add topic<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div 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